History Of Metaphors By Otis

His first telegraph machine was made from household instruments that consisted of “an old picture or canvas frame fastened to a table; the wheels of an old wooden clock […] and a short circuit of a wire, embracing the helices of the electro-magnet connected with the positive and negative poles of the battery and terminating the mercury-cups” (Morse). His “apparatus” was so crude

* to explain the connections of the elements of consciousness to the nervous system. (New World Encyclopaedia 2008)

“‘Shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit'em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird”’(Lee 90). Atticus Finch tells his children it would be a sin to kill a mockingbird because the act would be taking away the purity or life of something so innocent. In Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee uses an extended metaphor to reveal the theme of not everyone is as they seem, by comparing Boo Radley, Tom Robinson and Atticus Finch to mockingbirds.

Both John Doone and Emily Dickinson wrote amazing poems. “Valediction Forbidding Mourning” and “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” come together to give the reader two different ideas of death in itself. There are also extended metaphors in each poem. The amazing part of both of these poems, is that you can get so much out of it from reading it over and over again. There are so many meanings to so many words inside these poems.

Near the beginning of “To Kill a Mockingbird”, Atticus tells Scout that she should try to put herself into someone else’s skin and walk around in them(65). Scout attempts to do that throughout the book, and finally, in the end, she gets it. This is how I perceive what this series of metaphors mean.

I found Harper Lee’s to kill a mockingbird striking, It showed me four major messages in the form of metaphors, To put yourself in other people's shoes. I learned not to judge and accuse innocent people. The last two things I learned was to keep fighting even if you know you'll lose. lastly, I learned the world is very unfair. I learned these messages through Scout as she was learning lessons from Atticus, Boo Radley, and Tom Robinson.

Otis is referring to Nietzsche and Helmholtz’s shared assertion that knowledge, which scientists work to produce, is itself a metaphor, which, as Nietzsche explains, is arbitrarily based on two representational systems that mediated one’s access to reality: the sensory image (an arbitrary metaphorical representation of the stimulus that provoked it) and the word (an arbitrary metaphorical sign for the image). Thus, everything that humans perceive in the world is an arbitrarily constructed metaphor and the knowledge and ideas created by those perceptions are inherently metaphorical as well. This also speaks to the fact that the scientific hypotheses that she presents in this essay, specifically in regard to the nervous system, lacked concrete

When technology as a tool is used as a metaphor, a part of that is designers find “unanticipated affordances” which lead to new discoveries. “Alexander Graham Bell, in inventing the telephone, made what was effectively a mirror image miscalculation he envisioned one of the primary uses for the telephone: to be as a medium for sharing my music” (Johnson 96). But in Bell’s attempts to create a technology to listen to live music, he ended up creating the telephone and Thomas Edison’s phonograph would be used to listen to music. This shows that even with the preconceived notions of what they wanted, the inventors created a new technology that had a different outcome. Edison wanted to send sound wave messages through the mail but there really was no way to read them. In this case there was no real way to interpret sound waves because our brains just can’t look at waves and understand them, pushing Edison in the direction inventing playback. He was able to see what he was physically limited to and had to accommodate the change. This is an example of how unanticipated affordances lead to new

The Telegraph was Developed in the 1840s by Samuel Morse and supporters. the Telegraph changed long-separate discussion. Michael Faraday invented the electromagnet. When Morse came to see how it worked, he considered that it may be likely to send a hidden message over a wire.While a student at Yale, he had written his parents a letter how interesting he found electricity. While at Yale, Morse found when he began to develop the telegraph he had very little understanding of electricity.After scattered attempts to work with batteries, magnets, and wires. Leonard Gale helped and provided critical points to Morse's telegraph but, Gale not only pointed out mistakes in the telegraph and showed Morse how he could make a signal higher and overcome the

Galvani called it "animal electricity," and thought that it came from inside the frog. He was able to cause muscular contraction by touching the frog with several metals without a charged source. He thought that the metals conducted the electricity from the frog to the nerve, causing it to twitch. He made the conclusion that animals can be dead, however, they can come back to life. All they need is an outside force to help them back to life (Brown). Volta, who was a professor of physics, showed people that electricity did not come from the tissue but was made in a damp environment by the contact of many metals. Using brine-soaked paper instead of frog legs to test it out, he found a small current of electricity. Galvani’s nephew, Giovanni Aldini, proved that an animal, that was dead, still had life within its muscles. He took the head of a dog

Much of what we know about science and the electrical world around us is primarily due to two men, Nikola Tesla and Thomas Edison. Each man invented a way of using electricity, while both conflicted against each other, both of their inventions of current, as well as others, are used today.

As the body is a form of communication, a medium in of itself, it is worth questioning if all bodies are created equal. For one, theories regarding the “hardware” and “software” of human beings help to explain this idea,

Soon after Galvani published his findings in 1891 Alessandro Volta proposed that the “‘animal’ part of Galvani’s animal electricity was not needed” (Alessandro n.pag). Volta instead believed in what he called metallic electricity. He alleged that all that was need to generate electricity was any moist material between two different metals (Voltaic n.pag). However, by this time Galvani’s theory held wide acceptance due to public demonstrations. To support his claims, in 1800, Volta built what is now known as the voltaic pile, which would come to be known as the first electric battery (Montillo 56). The voltaic pile used the natural transfer of electrons between two metallic elements to establish an electric current that could be directed through a wire. With the help of his voltaic pile, Volta successfully disproved Galvani’s theory of animal electricity (Parent 578). Scientists of the time began to use the voltaic pile as a source of electricity for experimentation with galvanism soon after its

(Ho)- The electric organs are a characteristic in electric fishes that have changed separately numerous times over generations and are used to make electricity to navigate, to communicate, to help in defense and to aid in catching and eating prey but have no similarities between the lineages.

Shakespeare’s work is among the hardest to read because of its supposed complexity and sophistication. The language used in the Early Modern Era is different than that of the Post Modern Era. Audiences that saw the performances were aural learners and were able to pinpoint certain tones and facial expressions that readers may not detect through words. Watching the plays performed provided better feedback than readings do (Palfrey 10-11). Metaphors, implicit or explicit, are figures of speech that help compare two unlike things and are not designed for literal intake. Yet, with Shakespeare’s work, metaphors should be taken literally. According to George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, however, this technique of comparison allows metaphors to simultaneously highlight and hide certain attributes and/or qualities about the thing(s) being compared to (12-13). The highlighting and hiding of metaphors gives readers more insight into what Shakespeare may have meant at the time or even more so in what context did the people of the Elizabethan Age use language (Palfrey 11). Two important components of metaphors that do the highlighting and hiding are the vehicle and the tenor; each can be implicit or explicit as well. The metaphor in question emphasizes both the importance and unimportance of Lavinia’s character.