Rebecca Oxford (1990) classified vocabulary strategies into direct and indirect strategies with six categories. These categories contain 19 strategies and 62 sub-strategies. Direct strategies consist of 'memory ', 'cognitive ' and 'compensation ' strategies. Indirect strategies support and manage language learning without directly involving the target language hence, they strengthen the role of language learning and include 'metacognitive ', 'affective ' and 'social ' strategies. With the development of the concept of language learning strategies scholars have attempted to link these strategies to other aspects of language such as vocabulary as well. Studies such as O 'Malley and Chamot (1990) emphasized that most language learning techniques are used for vocabulary learning too. In line of this, the use of the memory strategies based on Oxford taxonomy is useful for vocabulary learning, and has a positive effect ,as a motivation to conduct the present research on increasing EFL learners ' vocabulary retention (Nemati, 2013).
In addition, Paul Nation (1990) stated that the significant way to learn vocabulary is to use learners’ independent techniques. He suggested that vocabulary strategy training has to be part of a vocabulary development program. Schmitt and Schmitt (1995), stated that the best vocabulary teaching plan may be to introduce a variety of vocabulary learning strategies to students so that they can decide for themselves on the ones they prefer. Paul
The four effective practices are interdependent to one another. These concepts are the key points that provide a solution in helping English learners become fluent English speakers and be able to understand difficult lessons and high standards. The first strategy the article points out is Access, and it is used more frequently than the others. Echevarria and colleagues (2015) demonstrate that when teachers use differentiated teaching strategies, it will allow students to understand the concepts being taught more easily. For example, using multimedia to provide visual learning along with listening to the teacher can help with learning,
All students need direct instruction of vocabulary, but it is especially imperative for ELLs. They need much more exposure to new vocabulary than their native-English-speaking classmates. ELLs need to learn cognates, prefixes, suffixes, and root words to enhance their ability to make sense of new lexicon. Beginning ELLs and more advanced ELL students should actively engage in holistic activities to practice new vocabulary because learning words out of context is difficult for these students. If they memorize the meanings of the words on a list, they will not be able to use the words in their own writing or verbal production until they really understand the meanings. When vocabulary instruction includes explicit, implicit, and strategy instruction, students are repeatedly exposed to the target vocabulary in a variety of contexts which increases their individual vocabulary development and the other resources that help in doing so is the Semantic Mapping primary focus on visual relationships, which is helpful to students from all backgrounds.
What strategies do I currently use in my classroom that are effective for vocabulary instruction?
The four effective practices are interdependent of one another. These concepts are the key points that provide a solution in helping English learners become fluent English speakers and be able to understand difficult lessons and high standards. The first strategy the article points out is Access, and it is used more frequently than the others. Echevarria and colleagues (2015) demonstrate that when teachers use differentiated teaching strategies, it will allow students to understand the concepts being taught more easily. For example, using multimedia to provide visual learning, or using sentence frames that will allow English Learners to be able to participate in oral
SPED students need a variety of methods to master the content (Sanzo, Clayton, & Sherman, 2011). Olgesby’s strategy for teaching vocabulary is to differentiate instruction. After a pre-test is given, she uses the textbook on-line support tools for English language learners (ELL) to assist with pronunciation of the words. It also
English language learners need direct instruction of new vocabulary (Haynes, 2010.) Educators must provide practice saying new words. ELL’s should have more exposure to new terms, words, idioms, and phrases than their English fluent classmates. Educators must tie new vocabulary to previous knowledge and use pictorials to highlight significance. Content area Educators are encouraged to teach new vocabulary that occurs in text as well as that related the subject materials.
The ability to evaluate whether something is worth learning is considered a meta-skill (Siemens et al. 2005). This reference to meta-skill is remiscient of the metacognitive processes involved in learning. Thinking about the learning process is an important aspect as it allows learners to reflect on strengths, areas of improvement and make adjustments to learning plans (Starkey, 2012). Considering the large breadth of material (vocabulary, grammar, social and cultural contexts) in learning an additional language, planning an additional language learning path is crucial to an additional language learners success (Anderson, 2002). A lifelong commitment to learning a new language does not come without the potential benefits of the strategic planning, monitoring and thinking about learning processes. Metacognitive training is associated with promoting learner autonomy and allowing students greater control over managing their studies (Kangli, 2002). Sucesss and high proficiency in learning an additional language is contingent on the learner’s ability to prioritize, organize and evaluate strategies related to comprehension (Gu, 2008; Oxford, 2001; Anderson, 2002). Brown (2013) clearly defines metacognitive activity in additional language learning as three distinct stages--planning for additional language learning, reflecting on the processes as they are taking place as well as monitoring the production and/or comprehension of
Diction: Diction refers to the word choice you use in your writing. The vocab you use in your writing should compliment the type of assignment you are working on. You can write with formal diction, casual diction, or informal diction. The words you use can have a different meaning even if they are similarly defined. For example, the phrase “tearing down the trees” has more of a negative connotation attached to it instead of the phrase “cutting down the trees”. Diction’s intended effect is to impart information, ideas, or impressions and to evoke emotions and feelings from the reader.
Teaching vocabulary to students is vital to the growth of student’s comprehension level. I found by teaching vocabulary to my students they tend to use the words frequently once they had a concrete understanding of the word. I also found that if my students could not relate to the word that was being introduced many times it was harder for them to learn the word. Therefore, it was imperative for me to always provide a description, explanation and example to all vocabulary words that was introduced. In the video How to Teach Vocabulary Acquisition ( ), many of the strategies that were introduced to the viewer such as asking students to restate in their own words, having students create a picture or symbol for the vocabulary word and allowing students to discuss new words with their peers is something that I already do in my
I teach in the English department, and the primary focus of my courses is reading instruction. Thus, vocabulary knowledge is essential to my students’ ability to succeed in the high school English curriculum since they encounter increasingly complex texts in my classes. Consequently, vocabulary learning is essential to my students’ development in my course, but also, essential to the transferable skills that they gain in English for use across the content areas. Moreover, the knowledge and skills in my course cannot exist in isolation from the other content area courses my students engage
Teaching vocabulary to students is extremely important because it supports them in learning to read and comprehend text. Research shows that students need to have multiple exposures to a word before they understand and use the word correctly. A majority of schools require teachers to teach vocabulary with weekly lists provided to each grade level. This may seem like an acceptable method, but in reality students are only learning the vocabulary long enough to take the test on Friday’s. Instead of teachers trying to have their students memorize the vocabulary they need to focus on strategies to help them retain the words for future usage. Some of the strategies teachers can utilize are focusing on multiple exposures, tier two words, playing
However, researchers’ interest in conducting studies about teaching listening skill has grown in recent years. In a review about second language listening studies, Rubin (1994) identified there are five major characteristics that affect listening comprehension; text characteristics, interlocutor characteristics, task characteristics, listener characteristics and process characteristics. From these five majors, learning strategy belongs to the aspect of process characteristics. Learning strategy defined as any strategy learners regularly use to improve their learning proficiency through carrying out a task (Hassan et al, 2005). In listening teaching, there are some types of cognitive and meta cognitive strategies usually instructed by the teacher to help the students become a better listener,
Cognitive psychology studies the way people think an how memory plays a role in people's everyday lives. Memory is important, in both the short-term and the long-term, because without it all actions would have to be innate. Since it has been well-researched that both innate and experiential are needed for people to develop successfully (Sutton, 2008), memory of experiences and the lessons learned are important for every type of functioning. Memory, in the case of the article to be reviewed, is studied with regard to how students retain lists of vocabulary words in a Spanish class. This paper will look at all aspects of the article to determine how the author provided the given information.
Although vocabulary is the sub-skill of a language, it plays a very important role in language learning and teaching. In fact, vocabulary is central to language and is of paramount importance to language learners. On the other hand, words are the building blocks of a language that are used to label objects, actions, and ideas. In other words, people cannot convey the intended meaning without knowing vocabulary. It is widely accepted that vocabulary is a very important part in English language learning because no one can communicate in any meaningful way without vocabulary. As McCarthy (1990) stated, the single, biggest component of any language course is vocabulary. Nation (1990) also affirms that vocabulary can be considered as the most important element in language learning because Learners think that many of their
Vocabulary plays a significant role in English as second language learning process. For the majority of English as Second Language(ESL) learners, the ultimate goal of learning the language is to understand (read and listen) and communicate (write and speak) with little difficulty and the lack of sufficient vocabulary may be the constraint of such goal (Folse, 2004). As the bedrock of English and as well as language, vocabulary also facilitates the development of other language skills: lexical richness leads to the progress in the use of language, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing skills (Nation, 1994). Reversely, The improvement in such skills may enhance learners vocabulary size as the exposure to more learning materials improves the capacity to acquire new vocabulary. (The importance of learning vocabulary/ why vocabulary?)