Summative Report 2
Research Question: How do socio demographic factors influence income in the UK?
Introduction
Socio demographic factors are factors such as age, sex, ethnicity, religion,which affect society and are present in statistics. These factors have a significant effect on income because a person with a university degree is able to increase their income as they may look for more specialized jobs in relevance to their degree thus allowing them to generate higher levels of income in comparison to somebody who has a lower education level for example GCSE’s who would look for jobs in line with their current qualifications. In order for me to analyse how socio demographic factors affect income I have chosen to look at 3 independent variables; Education, Gender and Religion to see the level of statistical significance in relation to income. In terms of a previous literature I have reviewed different types of literature in order to understand the relationship of these independent variables to income and have looked at the Theory of human Capital in regards to education by Becker (2009), theories that discuss the gender pay gap, and also Max Weber’s renowned book of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism which examines the effect of religiosity in increasing levels of income amongst Protestants. After exploring this literature I will carry out Analysis of Variance and Regression; both linear and multiple to see how much of an impact the variables of Education,
Income inequality is on the rise and it is evident in most cities throughout the United States. There are individuals with six to seven figure incomes and then there are individuals whose income is just enough to get by. The middle class is not as prominent as the upper and lower class. This should be the other way around. There should not be so many cities with very wealthy neighborhoods right next door to low class, rundown neighborhoods, with little middle class households. Digging deeper, 47.6% of the money in the United States belongs to individuals that receive $98,200 or more (“Distribution of U.S. family income”, 101). The middle class should be much more noticeable with the upper and lower
No matter which country you would look into whether it’s from wealthier to those less wealthy countries through the eyes of economics, there are bound to be types of inequity within their borders. Inequity is a very crucial problem in the United States, you would think that our economy here in the states is booming, and the citizens are living life easy or without worry. Life is the United States isn’t as it seems, in fact, Inequity is in fact a big problem even in the United States. Over the years, there has been millions of Americans that were considered to be in poor or in poverty line that are not able to provide for themselves and their families. We can sadly see those Americans on the streets, cars or shelters unable to keep-ends meet that are not able to keep a decent paying job. That is why throughout this paper I’ll be discussing why inequity is a big issue in the United States from how income is distributed through causes of income inequality, social status, and even how the government interventions is trying to alleviate income inequity.
Social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status which can include levels of wealth, success, power of authority, and influence. Status is can be defined or grouped having common economic, cultural, or political interests.
Socioeconomic Status is where a particular person or group of people stand in regards to social class. The main measurement that determines one's socioeconomic status is level of education, occupation and income. Although it may not be considered a factor in child development, socioeconomic status can actually play a huge role in determining what kind of adolescent a child develops into. It can influence a child’s morals, self-esteem, grades and many more aspects of a child's life. Socioeconomic status can play a role in determining where a person resides, the occupation they end up getting, their education and their income as well. So, although one’s socioeconomic status is technically made up of these aspects, one can be born into a low socioeconomic status which could result in them continuing to have one throughout their life. It is a cycle that one must break in order to change the outcome. Low socioeconomic status can result in child poverty. Child poverty over the years has risen and fallen but has remained consistently apparent in America. Child poverty can have detrimental effects on developing children and adolescents. It may influence the way they are raised, taught, cared for and many more aspects of the child's life which are important for successful development. Low socioeconomic status can determine how well children and adolescents develop and the type of person they develop into, including
Furthermore, research on aging and eldercare also show a propensity that socioeconomic status should be taken into consideration, according to Bookman and Kimbrel (2011). The authors contend that African American, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American communities, and other groups also bring their cultural strengths and demands to the caregiving experience (Bookman & Kimbrel,
Socioeconomic status influences health care quality and outcomes. Patients of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have worse self-reported health, lower life expectancy, and suffer from more chronic conditions when compared with those of higher socioeconomic status. As a result, patients of lower socioeconomic status, in which we will encounter throughout our career’s, require more care and attention during their visits due to this lack of access. These individuals typically need the most care and unfortunately, we will not see them as often compared to other socioeconomic groups. An additional additive for this population may include providing them with take home exercises in which they are able to perform on their own. That is if they are invested enough to complete them without further supervision. While some hospitals are willing to revise their current policies, to basically “write off” the lower class, we as athletic trainers have to be advocates for these individuals who make up the majority of the population. The first step that we can take involves going a step above to the school board and asking for better nutritional options regarding school lunches. Most school lunch options fail to include fresh alternatives consisting of mostly processed food that can be easily distributed to a large number of students. Another way in which we can promote healthy eating habits is by utilizing social media to share coupons and local grocery store ads to the parents of
In the United States, there is a huge income disparity between the richest ten percent, and bottom ninety percent. The American tax, and political system favors the top 10% while neglecting the middle and working classes, suppressing living wages and exporting jobs overseas. A society where working 40 hours a week will not put food on the table. If the average hardworking American is working endless hours to try and support their families which is just slightly above the poverty line, while groups of 400 individuals, who are heads of the top 500 companies and financial institutions, who if even work, is less than 108 days a year, and are proud owners of 50% of U. S’s entire wealth. This is the reality of the United
Income and socioeconomic status-based differences in test scores occur because of the environment in which students were raised and the ability of their parents, and contribute to racial differences because of the racial income gap. DeNavas-Walt and Proctor (2015), of the Census Bureau, reported that black and Hispanic households had incomes lower than average, while the income of Asian and white, non-Hispanic households was above average. This means that discrimination based on income and socioeconomic status is more likely to affect black and Hispanic students. Guryan, Hurst, and Kearney (2008) found that mothers with at least a college education spent an average of 4.5 hours more caring for children per week than those with a high
Across the United States and in any other countries, there is a social injustice that is often overlooked, and that it income inequality. Taking a closer look into the topic, we can see how it affects the environment around us, but for this study, we will be looking specifically at the overall health of the United States. To do this, we will be looking at a variety of categories that will help showcase the health of America from the effects of income inequality. The three categories that will be that base criteria for our judgement on the health of the United States are crime, education, and economic growth.
Poverty and income inequality is an enormous obstacle in which certain Americans may face daily. Poverty refers to economic or income deprivation (Iceland 2006). Some may refer to poverty as having material hardships, or having one’s income and assets compared against a standard. If an individual’s income falls below the standard, they’re considered “poor” (Newman and O’Brien 2011). Poverty may be currently measured in two common ways, either through an absolute measure or relative. The poverty measure I am proposing would be looking at “family/couple/household” as the unit of analysis, cost of food, childcare, housing, and transportation as scale of resources, and the threshold will be using a more relative dimensional perspective.
A good education is vital in succeeding within many industries in the UK, from Business to Medicine, Politics to Art. It unfortunately does not come as a surprise that only 58.6% of students attained 5 or more GCSE’s at grades A* to C (Department for Education 2012). In comparison, albeit falling this year on previous years, 94.4% of students in private schools attained the same results (The Independent 2012a). Following the recent recession, Social mobility has begun to decline and is lower today than it was thirty years ago. It is now less likely that a child of parents in a low-income bracket will rise to the top-income bracket than it was in
In the United States, obtaining a higher education is more important than ever. The income gap between a family of college graduates and a family of high school graduates grew 30,000 dollars in just three decades (Porter). Institutions of higher education are engines of upward mobility that is not afforded to the entire population. American society is still plagued with racial disparities; however, they are no longer the main divider separating Americans. Today, the most imminent danger to the American dream is socioeconomic status (SES). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental economic organization, found that when it comes to academic achievement, SES has more influence in the United States
Income inequality is talked about frequently in modern society. Most places around the world are feeling the weight and effects of income inequality. According to businessdictionary.com, the definition of income inequality is, “A measurement of the distribution of income that highlights the gap between individuals or households making most of the income in a given country and those making very little (“What is Income Inequality”).” This definition holds true for all countries including the United States. Economists look at all aspects of a person’s life and household to decide their position on the scale of income inequality. In order to reach an accurate depiction of income inequality a person’s education, age, possessions, and expenses need to be analyzed. Once these issues are addressed, one can start to look at how income inequality affects society as a whole.
Hence, socioeconomic status (SES) risk factors are of particular concern because many who are affected migrate to an environment that are economically and psychologically challenging. Godman and Huang (2001) assessed whether interactive effects exist for SES and depression which help explain variation in utilization of mental health and medical services by young women and whether utilization of mental and medical health services affects prevalence of depression at follow-up. The authors also hypothesized that among young women (1) lower SES, high depressive symptoms, and a baseline depression X SES interaction effect will decrease the likelihood mental or medical health service utilization; (2) use of both mental and medical health service
The literature thus firmly supports the thesis that socio-economic status is directly correlated with academic success, due to the superior financial and social capital resources available to the middle-class student. Furthermore, the interdependence between multiple factors means that the cumulative impact of risk factors may be greater than the simple sum of separate factors (Sparks, 1999:10)