Implicit Stereotypes

Regarding your understanding of the IAT: What does the IAT measure and how is it different from explicit tests of prejudice? (This will be lengthy and there is punishment for plagiarism)

The main purpose of this article was to unexamined biases, to see how much they contribute as well as to address ethnic and racial in health care disparities. Biases can be referred to as favoritism, a favor of one and against another, very systematic and differing by racial and ethnic groups. Many psychologist has turned their focus and studies on common biases, which biases influence medical decisions and interaction.

The Institute of Medicine’s Report on Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial/Ethical Disparities in Health Care states that cultural bias is one contributor to racial and ethnic minorities having higher rates of poor health outcomes than Whites in the case of disease; even when income, employment

Since the publication of the Institute of Medicine’s “Unequal Treatment Report” in 2002, highlighting the startling but harsh truths behind these health care differences, there has been a renewed interest in understanding the sources of these inconsistencies, with any seeking to identify contributing factors in hopes of creating an effective solution in reducing or eliminating racial and ethnic disparities in health care

When considering the American medical system, it is clear that the policy solutions for disparities occurring outside the clinical encounter

When attempting to understand health care disparity, one must first also understand race. As race applies to health care inequity, Williams and Sternthal (2010) suggested that race is not purely biological but also a social classification system created by the hegemonic class. As such, favorable traits are those attributable to whites, thus creating an atmosphere predisposed to prejudices. In a health care setting where providers rely on swift judgment and scientific data to arrive at decisions, culturally ingrained norms are bound to influence attitudes

Implicit bias is not quite obvious to the individual who perpetuates this notion because it is a product of their subconscious. Without any type of recognition of implicit bias, issues can arise when interacting with people who are facing the consequences of this action. Physicians may have developed biases towards the Asian American community throughout their childhood and adolescent years; these beliefs can stick with the individual for a life-time without expression of biases in an explicit

• The emotional, sexual, and psychological stereotyping of females begins when the doctor says: It's a girl.

Sally Satel on the other hand is a supporter of the fact that racism is not a serious problem in the health care system. Even though she agrees with IOM about health care disparity, she thinks racism is not a cause. That is what she shows the reader in her article. She argues that the health care system is colorblind. Satel she mentions the causes of health care disparities as well as ways to correct the disparities. In her opinion, “racism isn't to blame for health disparities, but rather race itself” (Satel 2). Satel identifies two possible reasons to counter the notion that racism is the cause of health care disparities. First, she quotes that, “white and black patients, on average, do not even visit the same population of physicians—making the idea of preferential treatment by individual doctors a far less compelling explanation for disparities in health” (Satel 2). Another reason is “that a higher proportion of the doctors that black patients tend to see may not be in a position to provide optimal care” (Satel 1).

Gordon Moskowitz and his co-authors’ (2012) expands on this discussion of unconscious bias by associating it with stereotyping certain racial groups. The providers’ unconscious biases are referred to as implicit biases, and demonstrate usefulness if correctly used to identify groups more readily susceptible to a health condition than others (996). When used correctly to identify these individuals, patient outcomes have a positive outcome. However, a hasty assumption that leads to an incorrect stereotype results in severe negative outcomes from a resulting incomplete or inaccurate diagnosis by the physician (1000). These implicit biases also tie back to the previous theme

According to social psychology, explicit attitudes are people’s conscious views or attitudes that they are aware of while implicit attitudes are hidden unconscious attitudes that people have. So the outcome of both tests conflicted with my explicit attitudes about race and gender. My explicit attitudes about race were that all race are equal and that I have no preference over any race. The same applies to gender too in that female and male are equal and that I don’t prefer one over the other.

Devine (1989) argues that stereotypes are inevitable on the basis that stereotypes and prejudice coexist and that stereotyping occurs automatically. Devine attempts to prove this hypothesis in three experiments. Devine reasons that “as long as stereotypes exist, prejudice will follow.” This hypothesis is rooted in a correlation. Prejudice and stereotypes are related, however there is no clear evidence of causality; Knowledge of a stereotype does not mean an individual agrees with it.

Women presently face multiple challenges in the healthcare system. Things such as research androcentrism, medicalization, and gender stereotyping are all things women must overcome in today’s society. Research androcentrism or male centeredness in the field of health care is used to describe how men are used as a baseline for medical research and standards of care (Shaw & Lee 368). By using only men, generally white men, as a baseline for research, the effects of drugs and procedures are not adequately studied; a lack of research on other groups of people, specifically women, can prove to be dangerous because certain drugs may affect women differently than men. Another challenge pertaining to research androcentrism is the fact that women are not always included in clinical trials (Shaw & Lee 368). Until recently, the biological differences

For instance, “Hispanic women are more likely to be dissatisfied if they feel they have been treated badly by providers and staff and if they do not trust doctors” (Guendelman, Wagner 118). If the patient does not feel a sense of hospitality and see a welcoming smile, it discourages the patient to visit the physician because they feel they are not getting the right medical attention, and tend to be sicker. In addition, “the sicker individual risk exposure to more insults, and this leads them to pull back from the health care system” (119). In a physician/ patient relationship there needs to be a balance between actually caring and giving your patients the attention and satisfaction that they deserve. Some physicians take advantage of their patient’s vulnerability of being sick by pushing them aside, and worrying more about the fastest way to make money. However, the physician then loses another patient because of greed.

Gender bias is the distortion of views and preferences based on the sex of a person. Biases are preformed based on what kind of surroundings a person grows up in and their personal experiences. This bias exists in everyone’s mind and subconsciously make people act and react in different ways based on stereotypes rather than reality (Rhonda. E, Dugan, 2008). Everyone has different views on male masculinity. Even in this day and age where there are equal rights for both sexes there is a patriarchal view about men in society, where they are classed as the stronger sex which has led to the belief that male to female aggression is more serious than female to male aggrrssion (Drijber et al, 2013). Sexual assaults and DV are disproportionately considered as women centric problems. Surveys conducted reports victims in rape cases are 90% women, one in four women are a victim of intimate partner violence and 44% lesbian women and 61% bisexual women have been subjected to physical abuse by a partner or sexual abuse. (Bureau of Justice Satistics and the centres of Disease control and prevention (CDC). These facts combined with preformed notions