India: What´s Constituency Essay

Furthermore The First past the Post system gives rise to a coherent opposition in the legislature. In theory, the flip side of a strong single-party government is that the opposition is also given enough seats to perform a critical checking role and present itself as a realistic alternative to the government of the day. It advantages broadly-based political parties. In severely ethnically or regionally divided societies, FPTP is commended for encouraging political parties to be ‘broad churches’, encompassing many elements of society, particularly when there are only two major parties and many different societal groups. These parties can then field a diverse array of candidates for election. In Malaysia, for example, the Barisan Nasional government is made up of a broadly-based umbrella movement which fields Malay, Chinese, and Indian candidates in areas of various ethnic complexions.

The inter workings of Congress have been studied extensively by Richard Fenno and David R. Mayhew. Mayhew’s study of Congress took place in Washington, while Richard Fenno conducted his research by following politicians within their congressional district. Mayhew attributes three primary goals to congressmen- getting reelected, achieving influence within Congress and making “good Policy”. Fenno also attributes three basic goals, having influence inside the House than other congressmen. Second, helping their constituents and thereby insuring their reelection, and lastly helping make good policy. The purpose of this paper is to research a member of Congress and to make a direct connection between his activity in Washington and his home district. The paper will answer whether the congressmen is a delegate or trustee. Are the actions a pursuit for reelection? Are the committee assignments a path for movement within the House or outside? What legislation has he/she sponsored or co-sponsored and does it directly reflect his/her districts political view. And finally, do major industries and interest groups within his/she district affect the way he/she votes.

Members of Congress are voted to office by their electorate as their representatives at the congress level of democracy. In their capacity, they may decide to exercise their powers by the will of the people or according to their personal judgment. When the members of Congress opt to be the people’s delegate, their actions in the House and other congressional engagements are a reflection of the will of their district. As such, the delegate representative does not have or exercise the autonomy to represent and decide for their district. Instead, a strenuous consultation process is required to keep the people in control of all relevant decisions.

In this essay I will assess the outcomes of Additional Member system, First Past the Post system and the Closed Party List system. The F-P-T-P system is used to elect the members of House of Commons and local government in England and Wales. Voters select candidates, and do so by marking his or her name with an ‘X’ on the ballot paper. This reflects the principle of ‘one person, one vote’. The Additional Members system is used in Scottish parliament, Welsh assembly, and Northern Ireland Assembly and Greater London assembly. It is a mixed system made up of F-P-T-P and party-list elements. The Regional party list (or the closed party list) is used to elect the

On June 12, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a committee, consisting of one delegate from each of the thirteen states, for the purpose of setting up a cohesive Federal Government. Headed by John Dickinson, the committee presented a draft of the Articles of Confederation to Congress a month later. Though the Articles were not officially ratified until five years later, Congress began operating under them in 1777. The delay that occurred during the years from drafting to ratification was partially caused by the opening of a multi-faceted debate that encompassed the issues of representation for citizens, the balance of power within the country, and state sovereignty. Densely-populated states wanted a system of representation based on

* Smith, Kieth. "On Gerrymandering and Its Effects." Web log post. Political Science at University of the Pacific. Pacificpoliticalscience.wordpress.com, 2 Nov. 2011. Web. 04 Mar. 2013. <http://pacificpoliticalscience.wordpress.com/2011/11/02/on-gerrymandering-and-its-effects/>.

For this project, we had to know our district and who is representing us on the house and state senate. 2 The Texas US Senators are Senator John Cornyn and Senator Ted Cruz. The Congress District 12 is represented be Congressman Kay Granger from the Republican Party since 1996. The Congress District 12 is Gerrymander. According to the Kaygranger.house.gov states, “Congressman Kay Granger is representing the total population of 728,142 according to the census of 2010 where 66.5 percent are Anglos, African Americans 6.1 percent, Hispanics 23.7 percent and other 3.9 percent. Kay Granger was elected as a Congressman for the 10th consecutive time as a member of the Republican Party. Congress District 12 is evenly distrusted in terms of male and female population; 50.6 percentage of female and 49.4 percentage of the male. With the median household income of 62,214 per annum. Congress district 12 is considered pretty wealthy district with unemployment rat just under 9 percent. Furthermore, Congress district 12 was voted the most loveable are in the country in 2004 which has a strong education system with 88.0 percentage of High School Rate of Graduation and 29.9 percentage of bachelor’s degree or higher”.

Fenno suggests that each district should be thought of as a set of concentric circles, with the outermost circle representing the geographic boundaries of the district. Everyone who lives in the district is inside this circle. These people are a member of Congress's "geographic constituency." The next smallest circle, the "reelection constituency" represents the group of people that actually voted for the member of Congress in his or her last election. Inside that circle is another circle representing those who voted for the member in the party primary. These people are the member's "primary constituency." Finally, the innermost circle is the member's "personal constituency," the people he or she knows and associates with

representatives who cast their votes for the state they represent. Those who feel that the

Representation inclusivity has therefore made large strides in provincial and federal parliaments, but elections remain the strongest way to increase inclusivity through the election of brand new members.

Moreover, when representatives are on the process of elections they have the opportunity to express their goals and solutions for the needs of the society. This freedom of expression is democracy. Possible representatives have time before elections to do campaigns and debate each other ideas and goals, this help people decide which candidate best represent their ideas way of thinking.

The election process in the United States is a valuable process to the election of the proper officials to satisfy the people. The people run the country which is why we live in freedom because we control what happens with major decisions by choosing whom we want to decide these decisions. The whole country goes to vote on a certain day and by the end of that day we will vote to select who will run the country, state, county, or city political positions. The most complex decision and one with the biggest impact are selecting who the President of the United States shall be. We examine what their views are and who would do a better job. Then vote in our respected states with a certain number of electoral votes

Political science includes a wide range of topics that attempts to describe and explain the political process, politics, and the relationship among governments. As American citizens we should all be informed and be educated about all these above topics. We as citizens cannot be unconscious of our government as the government can make or break our lives. The general areas of study in political science include American government and politics, political theory, public administration, public law, comparative politics and international relations.

2009). According to this view, the representative represents the interests of the state, not the individual, and a discrepancy between the constituency’s preferences and the representative’s actions is not problematic, because the representative does not directly represent the views of the individuals who elected him (Shapiro et al. 2009).

The number of seats a province is given in Parliament is established based on the population of the province. Voters are then divided into constituencies, also known as electoral boundaries, ridings, or districts. In order to win, candidates must get a highest amount of votes than any other competitor within the same electoral boundary. This means that if candidate A receives 41% of the votes, while candidate B gets 39% and candidate C 20%, candidate A becomes the winner of the election and gains a seat in Parliament. Note that 59% of the electorate opposed candidate A.