Infectious Diseases And Its Effects On The Health Of Chickens

Nipah virus, Arena Virus and Francisella tularensis are bioterrorism agents. They work in various ways to harm the host. Francisella tularenis is considered a Tier 1 bioterrorism agent and Nipah virus is an overlap select agent that affects humans and agriculture both. They have been harmful in the past. Though, Nipah virus is a newer virus than the other two. This review will focus on their emergence, pathogenicity and symptoms of the diseases they cause.

WNV can result in intricate infection. WNV has spread as a cyclic plague into North America. WNV signifies a mosquito-borne virus which spread in birds. Mosquitoes are generally wandered in the space and usually bite humans and animals. Therefore, WNV can be spread straightforwardly and cause complex infections.

about eight by eight inches (20 cm)” (Berger 2). Another incident that endangered the public’s

Many people are interested in having exotic birds as pets, but because of this they can contract West Nile Virus. The infected mosquito can spread West Nile Virus to humans after they are infected with the virus after feeding on infected birds. The excitement of having an exotic pet can sometimes outweigh the possible risks of infections from the animal or mosquitoes that have been exposed to them.

In the article Backyard Chickens Carry Hidden Salmonella by Aneri Pattani. She explains why 900 people are infected with salmonella and the chickens are not the culprits of this disease. The normal issue with contracting Salmonella is normally eating raw cookie dough or undercooked eggs or meat. But it can also be contract when people put objects that came in contact with their live poultry, or when they deal with their live poultry and touch their mouth. Dr Nicholas says “ this doesn't mean people are not supposed to have Backyard chicken, but it is very important to wash your hands and make sure you have separate clothes for when you're dealing with live poultry”. She advised to not let your outside birds live with you in your house and avoid

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) from genus henipa virus are zoonotic paramyxovirus; they can cause disease which is passed between animals and humans (1). Hendra virus was first detected in humans in Australia in 1994 with horses as intermediate host. Fruit bats of Pteropous species of Australian flying fox show serological evidence of early exposure to Hendra virus (2).

Currently the best way to prevent an infection with avian influenza viruses is to avoid the sources of exposure whenever possible.

evolution characteristics allowed it to cross barrier species and therefore spread to mammals and domestic poultry1. It has caused several pandemic outbreaks in the human population during the last century, being the 1918 (The Spanish Flu) the most devastating one. In veterinary, mostly in poultry, it causes great economic losses. Any available prophylactic or therapeutic tool has been demonstrated ineffective due to the peculiar escaping characteristics of the virus. The general characteristics of IAV and its evolution are briefly reviewed here.

Avian Influenza is a major controversy in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Many researchers have researched the outbreak and how it contributes to the world we live in. Avian Influenza impacts a variety of people, places, and animals in the world. The articles reviewed discuss the different cases where avian influenza outbreak has impacted a major area and how they are ridding the virus. The articles vary from how the virus affects humans, to how it affects other animals, and the precautions used by different areas if the virus encounters.

This essay was written to explain the epidemiology of chickenpox and allow the reader to develop a better understanding of the disease. The author intended for the reader to become informed about the causes, symptoms, mode of transmission, complications, treatment and mortality and morbidity rates. Also, the reader will become familiar with the determinants of health and contributing factors to develop varicella, the relation of the epidemiologic triangle, the role of the community health nurse, as well as identify a national organization that reduces the impact of the disease on the community.

Another disease which was thought to have originated with animals, that of swine flu or H1NI, attained pandemic status. “Wide geographic expansion,” “disease movement,” and “high attack rates and explosiveness” are all characteristic of pandemics (Morens, Folkers, & Fauci 2009). Avian flu has all of these characteristics along with little immunity in the existing population and novelty along with a high degree of infectiousness, contagiousness, and severity (Morens, Folkers, & Fauci 2009). Although avian flu has not reached critical mass in terms of the population it affects and its contagiousness has been limited to some extent because of the need to work with poultry as a factor in contracting the disorder, the increase of bird flu amongst domesticated birds is extremely worrying. Regarding precautions to take due to the recent species-exclusive outbreak of bird flu in the Midwest, it has been suggested that consumers simply take normal precautions in handling raw poultry in the kitchen, due to the fact that heat kills the virus; hunters and poultry workers should handle carcasses with respiratory protection (masks) and gloves and all known, infected birds and eggs designated for commercial use with avian flu must be destroyed (Weintraub 2015). Of course, all of these are sensible precautions that should be observed under even normal

Contaminated poultry is a big concern to society as it poses a serious risk for human health. An estimated 4 million illnesses and 3,000 deaths per year (based on information provided by the United States Department of Agriculture) due to contaminated poultry. This scare has caused all poultry to be vaccinated to prevent harmful pathogens to reach and infect humans.

This source is a 2014 article “The High Cost of Cheap Chicken” by the CR Investigates Consumers Union. The CR Investigator reports the issues of the United State poultry companies’ regulations and health safety in packaged chickens. The article states the major’s issue on bacterial contamination of packaged chickens and the issue of antibiotic-resistant bacteria of organic chicken. The CR Investigator reports that “48 million people fall sick every year from eating food tainted with salmonella, campylobacter, E-Coli, and other contaminants.” This scholarly article reports details and reliable source from USDA and a professor of University of Minnesota. I will use this article to help me support the major issue of packaged chicken and organic chicken.

The fastest communication of the virus to humans were reported in turkey. Simultaneously, 1.5 million birds were killed to contain the virus. The symptoms of such a disease that the temperature of your body dramatically starts to increase followed by a cough. Then the host (humans) starts to experience a difficulty in breathing and a severe pain in the stomach most of it ends with diarrhea – a disease happens when our digestive system are not able any more to absorb liquids and minerals. A further exposure to the virus can lead to shock, the respiratory system stop working completely, and the other vital organs like liver fail to function normally and eventually death may occur.

Common illnesses that can occur are salmonella and trichinosis poisoning resulting from improper handling of chicken, eggs or pork (Jardin, 2009, para.2). Diseases such as: campylobacteriosis, cholera, and listeriosis also make the list of illnesses (Jardin, 2009, para.1). These diseases are the versions of food poisoning, which can be life-threatening. According to the World of Health article published in 2007,