Often thoughts and actions that are not wanted appear, and we have the ability to suppress these in order to control our own behaviour to conform to social norms or achieve current goals. This is inhibitory control. There are many populations whose inhibitory control in impaired. This essay will explain the define inhibitory control . and how it has been measured previously. It will then go on to explore two populations which have been found to have impaired inhibitory control. Starting with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and then Tourette's Syndrome (TS), both populations of which have been found that the ability to inhibit motor responses differs from those in typical populations.
In psychology inhibitory control (IC) is defined as
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Firstly persistent obsessive thoughts affecting cognitive inhibition for example ‘If I flick this switch X amount of times , my house will burn down’ and secondly repetitive compulsive behaviour, affecting motor inhibition for example flicking the light switch X amount of times. OCD is thought to affect around 1 in 100 people although is is suspected that many do not report it. The compulsive behaviors are often stemmed from an attempt to stop the obsessive thoughts that a sufferer of OCD would have, it is aimed that by satisfying these thoughts will make them go away (Bannon, Gonsalvez, Croft & Boyce, 2002). In 2009 a study conducted by Page et al was conducted to test if sufferers of OCD exhibited deficits in cognitive and behavioral inhibitions compared to a control groups made up of sufferers of panic disorder. All participants had a clinical diagnosis of either disorder. It consisted of two tests, a Go/No go test (Fox, Michie, Wynne & Maybery, 2000) and consisted of four blocks plus a practice. Each block consisted of 100 stimuli, and participants were instructed to prace the spacebar when the go stimuli was presented two trials were with the right hand and two with the left. Go stimuli consisted of the letters ‘N’, ‘J’ and ‘W’ presented in blue or the letter ‘O’ in red, green or yellow. NoGo stimuli consisted of the letter ‘O’ in blue or the letter ‘E’ in Pink. The …show more content…
TS is distinguish by ‘tics’ which are automatic, unwanted and repetitive movements or vocal outburst that include gruntings, shouting words or body jerks. Similarly to OCD it affects around 1 in 100 people. It is linked to pathways in the frontal lobes, where IC is associated with, and the Basal Ganglia being dysfunctional and therefore resulting the activity in the basal ganglia which sends signals through the nervous system to move parts of the body. One thing to note with TS is that the tics can be inhibited however suppressing the is difficult for an individual that suffers with ts and their efforts to suppress their tics often fail. In 2004, Serrien conducted a study on motor inhibitions in sufferers of TS. the participants consisted of those that suffered with TS and a control group. The participants with TS took part in a clinical assessment in order to confirm and measure their TS. During all tasks in this study an EEG was taken and this is what was compared in the results.Participants took part in a Go/NoGo task as a way of measuring the control over motor inhibitions. During the task participants with TS were asked to try to control their tics. The Go/NoGo task consisted of two stimuli, either an arrow pointing left or right. There was a fixation cross in the middle of the screen and every time and arrow appeared on either side of the cross during the test. The
Tourette's Syndrome Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome (TS) is a sporadic or inherited complex neuropsychiatric disorder (not an illness) influenced by neurological, psychological, and sociological factors. It is characterized by involuntary tics - sudden, rapid, recurrent nonrhythmic movements or noises that occur repeatedly in the same way (Temple, 2003). The symptoms include: both multiple motor tics and one or more phonic tics (which may or may not include vocalizations and which sometimes include outbursts of swearing) present at some time during the disorder although not necessarily simultaneously; tics occur many times a day (usually in bouts) nearly every day or
This essay will introduce some similarities and differences between both symptoms and experiences of six different authors who have been personally affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Since OCD is not very well understood by many members of the public ("Escape"), I hope that the experiences of the authors that I researched will be able to paint a vivid picture of what life with OCD is like.
Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder first described by a French physician named Georges Gilles de la Tourette, in 1885. Tourette syndrome (TS) consists of varies abrupt, rapid, involuntary, and repeated movements or vocal sounds, known as tics. “Until 1970, TS was frequently misdiagnosed as schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, epilepsy, or nervous habits,” concluding that this mental disorder is extremely rare and has similar characteristics as other mental disorders (Kahn and Fawcett 375). Since there is no specific test that can diagnose TS, doctors have to rely on a person’s behaviors and personal history to identify the disorder. About one person in two thousand people is likely to have TS; additionally males are four
The following is an overview about Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), one of the most difficult psychiatric illness to be understood. The way of doing certain behaviors, thoughts or routines repeatedly is the essential condition of a person with OCD. In general, it is known and described by someone who is extremely perfectionist and meticulous. Unfortunately, they do realize those habits and be able to stop doing it. Common behaviors are such as checking locks, doors, stove bottoms, and lights, hand washing, counting things, or having recurrent intrusive thoughts of hurting oneself or somebody else.
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder involving motor and vocal tics. Typical onset occurs around 5-7 years and it is associated with comorbid conditions such as OCD or ADHD. There is evidence that TS is an inherited disorder as shown in familial and twin studies, but the exact genetic pathology or etiology is still unknown. The neurobiology of TS appears to be involved in cortico-striatal-thalamo cortical (CSTC) circuits, which connect parts of the frontal cortex to subcortical structures. Tics are caused by focal excitatory abnormalities in the striatum that lead to inhibition
The independent variable of this study is the adolescents. The main dependent variable in this study is the Go/No-go tasks of inhibitory control of the adolescents. The people that participated in this study are adolescents and adults. There were 50 participants in this one part of the study. The participants were 11-17 years old; the mean of the ages was 14.7. The adults in the study were from 18-37 years of age and the mean was 25.1 years
Tourette’s has no known cure by scientists, and research is still being done. It can be treated with medication, which may help tics, but mostly isn’t used unless the tics are severe. Tourette’s can last throughout life, as from when a person gets it, to the end of their life, or sometimes the tics can just go away completely after a while of having the syndrome. Most people with Tourette’s can be controlled, as the tics don’t occur as often, or they aren’t as severe. All of the controllability of the tics depend on the severity of the case of Tourette’s, because if a person had a severe case of it, they would have more difficulty of controlling
Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD) has been in existence for many years. Debilitating it’s sufferers from partaking in activities they may enjoy because of both the sufferers obsessions and compulsions causing them to feel somewhat outcast from their fellow members of society. In this essay symptoms of OCD will be outlined; also the most empirically researched method of treatment Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), along with the process involved in treating a patient with this kind of therapy. The mistakes made by practitioners in the implementation of this treatment will be addressed. Also, pharmacotherapy will be briefly analysed as a means of improving efficacy. It will be concluded that Exposure Response Prevention treatment in
People with OCD show differences in brain activity compared to other people. They also have less white matter in the brain than normal people. These results have been obtained using brain-imaging machines.
Obsessive compulsion disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder described by irrational thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do repetitive tasks (compulsions) (Obsessive Compulsion Disorder, 2013). When a person has obsessive-compulsive disorder, they may realize that their obsessions aren't accurate, and they may try to overlook them but that only increases their suffering and worry. Eventually, you feel driven to perform compulsive acts to ease your stressful feelings. Obsessive-compulsive disorder is often driven by a reason, cause, or fear for example, a fear of germs. To calm the feeling of this fear, a person may compulsively wash their hands until they're sore and chapped. Despite their efforts, thoughts of obsessive-compulsive behavior keep coming back. This leads to more ritualistic behavior and a brutal cycle of obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD is the fourth most common mental disorder, and is diagnosed nearly as often as asthma and diabetes (Who We Are, 2012). In the United States, one in 50 adults suffers from OCD. Obsessive compulsive disorder affects children, adolescents, and adults. About one third to one half of adults with OCD report a childhood onset of the disorder, they felt these anxieties but were not diagnosed or felt no need to be diagnosed until the compulsions over whelmed them (Who We Are, 2012). The phrase obsessive compulsive has been used to describe excessively meticulous, perfectionistic, absorbed, or otherwise fixated person. While
Tourette Syndrome (TS), first described by Gilles de la Tourette, can be the most debilitating of the tic disorders and is characterized by multiform, frequently changing motor and vocal or phonic tics. There are multiple diagnostic criteria, as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV.
In a general view, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is associated with obsessions and compulsions. The obsessions are recurrent thoughts, fears, images, ideas, urges, and doubts. Patients suffering from this disorder often go through fluctuating episodes of compulsion which are in response to an obsessive thought, such as arranging, touching, repeatedly checking on something, and recurrent hand-washing. The patient experiences repeated rise in anxiety from the obsessions, that compels them to indulge in their compulsions as a form of relief (Brown University, 2013). Most of the patients suffering
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a disorder of the brain that is observed in people who have involuntary movements or vocalizations called tics. Named after Dr. Georges Gilles de la Tourette who first discovered this disorder, this French neurologist described a noblewoman who exhibited these symptoms in 1885. These tics could range from repetitive movements to inappropriate vocalizations.
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disorder that causes someone to have unwanted and troubling thoughts and repetitive behaviors (Lack, 2012). People may self-diagnose themselves to be obsessive compulsive. But people with obsessive compulsive disorder need to spend at least 1 hour daily on obsessive thoughts and rituals (Ellyson, 2014). This disorder is broken into two parts. The first part is obsessions, thoughts or images, and the second part is compulsions, the repetitive behaviors caused by the obsessions (Brakoulias, 2015). An example of obsessive compulsive disorder would be someone checking the locked door multiple times to reduce anxiety about forgetting to lock the door. On average 5% of the population has subclinical symptoms which are considered to be symptoms that are not disruptive enough to meet criteria to be diagnosed obsessive compulsive (Lack, 2012). Dropping what you’re doing to go back and check if your curling iron is unplugged is an example of a subclinical symptom. This paper will discuss what obsessive compulsive disorder is and provide a brief history. It will also include current treatments, suggestions on how to treat the disorder, and a summary.
Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disease that many people know of, but few people know about. Many people associate repeated washing of hands, or flicking of switches, and even cleanliness with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), however there are many more symptoms, and there are also explanations for those symptoms. In this paper, I will describe what obsessive compulsive disorder is, explain some of the effects of it, and explain why it happens. I will also attempt to prove that while medication doesn’t cure OCD, it vastly improves one’s quality of life. Furthermore I intend to show that behavior therapy (cognitive based therapy) is another useful tool in helping a person to overcome their OCD.