Introduction
CITES came into effect in 1975 to ensure that international trade of wildlife specimens does not “threaten the survival and well-being of wild animals and plants” (CITES, 1975). Specifically, it applies either trade bans or trade regulations to over 35,000 species, depending on how much protection is needed (CITES, 1975).
Species can be in Appendix I (nearly extinct, trade only permitted in special circumstances), Appendix II (less threatened than Appendix I species, but trade is still regulated), or Appendix III (protected in at least one member country of CITES, each species follow different regulations) (CITES, 1975). Member countries are required to implement legislation for trade of Appendix I and II species. Trade must be reported to the Scientific and Management Authorities of the parties concerned, and to CITES’ secretariat (CITES, 1975).
International cooperation is necessary to address wildlife trade because it is a worldwide occurrence and often happens across international borders. It also has a large economic impact; illegal wildlife trade alone is worth $50-100 billion USD/year (UNEP, 2014). Some countries may already have legislation to control trade, but CITES ensures that all participating countries follow the same standard.
Most of the targets of the original CITES agreement are quantifiable, but they do not specify how exactly they will be quantified. However, CITES has updated some of its indicators, mainly with quotas, which are more
Trade is the transaction of buying or selling of goods and services from one country to another. Because of trade, international consumers now have a wide assortment of products placed directly in front of them that their region cannot provide. For instance, one can walk around the Bronx and come to the zoo where there will be a giraffe from South Africa showcased for all to see. There are no safari like animals such as the giraffe freely roaming around America. This is all possible due to the trading system that has been
Within the Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service helps watch over and investigate the health of different species. Then, local and national scientist collects data to determine if a species gets put on the Endangered Species list. The main factor to determine the endangerment of a species is if a large percentage of the species’ habitat has been destroyed. Next, note if the animal’s population has been excessively decreasing, threatened by disease, or any terrorized by any predators. Also, record any man-made
The categories that they get on the endangered list are: population reduction, restricted geographic range, small population size and decline, very small or restricted population, and quantitative analysis
The problems which have arisen since 1973 seem to be endless. First of all, the time needed to put an endangered species on the list is much too long. By the time most species get on the list, they are on the brink of extinction. Second, private
The National Wildlife Institute has published “Conservation Under the Endangered Species Act: A Promise Broken”. Their critique of the Act includes questioning the programs undertaken as a result of the Act have played sufficient roles in the recovery of species that were delisted, as well as questioning the allocation of funding to programs intended to aid listed species.
Could the Endangered Species Act itself become endangered with the current debates? Recently, many conservation advocates and government officials think so, pointing to the proposed policy change that could make it harder for wildlife to receive protection under the Act. So, what does the future hold for the Endangered Species Act? With more than 40 years since the passage of the ESA in 1973, politicians and environmentalists alike have analyzed the realities of the Act, creating an interesting current state of debate regarding conservation. With poor administration and provisions designed to promote good science and good sense flouted, the Act needs to change and improve to find the best middle available between the suppression of economic activity and the preservation of species within the United States. The Act now more than ever is in need of political cooperation that can both revive and reform it to best protect against future challenges and obstacles otherwise the act will eventually be rendered useless due to it ineffectiveness, falsified science, and lack of consistency.
To cut costs, companies relocate their factories to areas with minimal pollution regulations to produce more with lower prices. Without tariffs, “trade without borders” become more much accessible and gratifying multibillion dollar corporations. Free trade agreements such as NAFTA and WTO do not consider the ecosystem and thus, endanger biodiversity and vital natural resources. Globalexchange.org states, the creation of free trade agreements imperil “global diversity by accelerating the spread of genetically engineered crops, … and erodes the public’s ability to protect our planet for future generations.” All in all, the absence of environmental regulations in free trade agreements severely damage the biosphere.
Taxonomists have the important occupation of naming, describing, and classifying organisms into specific species. A species is defined as a group of organisms that consist of similar individuals that are competent of exchanging genes through interbreeding. Scientists estimate that there are roughly 6.5 million terrestrial species and 2.2 aquatic species living on planet Earth. The naming of a specific organism becomes crucial when dealing with those who are endangered because of the Endangered Species Act. This act allows organisms to obtain special protections for not only their species but for their environment as well. Obviously, these precautionary measures must take place for the survival of the species, but unfortunately it can also have the potential to create a significant social and economic dilemma on society.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is an environmental policy that is currently having problems with timely implementation of its policies. The current issue interfering with the ability of this policy to perform to the best of its ability is the government’s reaction time. The government has been sluggish in reacting to the different species when they become endangered. This may in part be due to interference from lobbyists who may not always be acting in the best interest of the species they claim to be lobbying for.
You’re on a visit to your childhood town following one of your favorite trails in the mountain when you notice something peculiar, all the trees are dead. This what happens when the government and major companies don’t consider everything that could happen when bringing foreign species into different lands. Before the transfer of species the diet, affects, and benefits of the species must be considered in order for there to be no casualties and still be able to benefit.
This creates loopholes for individuals to disguise their prohibited transitions. For instance, some individuals circumvent this provision by buying and selling these species only in-state. Others, instead of selling endangered plants and animals, “donate” these species in return for “monetary donations”. Unfortunately, there is not enough staff to perform investigations to catch these types of transactions. As such, the language needs to be strengthened to close these loopholes and prevent the trafficking of listed
In 1973, the Endangered Species Act was enacted by Congress in order to provide for protection of rare, threatened, and endangered animal and plant species from extinction. The ESA prohibits take and trade without a permit, requires Federal agencies to avoid jeopardizing the survival of species categorized as rare, threatened or endangered, and requires actions to promote species recovery to levels where protection would no longer be needed. Despite the controversy surrounding the Act it was passed easily because legislators assumed that the Act pertained exclusively to protecting charismatic megafauna from overhunting and other direct causes of
The Wildlife Innovation and Longevity Driver (WILD) Act was introduced with the aim of improving and maintaining global biodiversity by addressing four critical issues: habitat loss, invasive species, and wildlife poaching/trafficking. The WILD Act addresses these issues through four provisions: 1) establishing the Theodore Roosevelt Genius Prizes, 2) reauthorizing the Multinational Species Conservation Funds (MSCF), 3) amending the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (FWCA), and 4) reauthorizing the Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program (PFWP) (S. 826 - WILD Act, 2017).
Simultaneously, thousands of other species across the globe face the same threat: extinction. Biodiversity is an essential part of our world, our global ecosystem. As Planet Earth?s resources diminish and its creatures vanish, those who recognize the need to preserve what is disappearing look to international politics to accomplish what individuals cannot. The most important instrument for implementation of international policy has been the Convention On International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which went into effect in 1975.
Illegal trading of animals is a big issue in today's society. More and more animals are going extinct, in part because of the acts committed while trying to buy or sell an animal for profit. In the past 400 years, 350 species of animals have gone extinct (Ryder, 214). Illegal trade generates billions of dollars and is therefore highly popular. There have been many regulations placed upon this trading. Some have been successful and others have not. Governments across the world have placed regulations on this illegal trade and treatment of animals, but it is still an issue. To what extent have governments been successful in stemming illegal animal trade?