Irish Famine Essay

This experiment is designed to test the allelopathy of two different treatments, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and Lemon (Citrus limon). The two treatments will be tested on radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) to investigate the effect of the treatments on the germination of the radish seeds. Allelopathy is the beneficial or harmful effects that one plant has on another plant by the release of chemicals. Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary metabolites produced and exuded into the environment (Francisco A Macías, José MG Molinillo, Rosa M Varela, Juan CG Galindo 2007). The plants use

Yaqoob Thurston is an PH.D. candidate in the Plant Science Department at South Dakota State University. His work combines molecular biology, molecular genetics of pathological, symbiotic and associative interactions, molecular plant breeding, and microbiology as a major platform used to understand the nature and consequences of plant microbial interactions. Specially, Mr. Thurston methodological research concentrates on the interaction of fungal pathogens fusarium head blight (FHB), and the symbiotic interaction arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) with wheat.

Cryphonectria parasitica, a filamentous, ascomycete fungus, is the causal agent of the chestnut blight5,14 which was introduced to North America from Japan circa 190412,14.The chestnut blight infects all members of the Castanea family14, and some members of the genus Quercus though C. parasitica infections are superficial14. A C. parasitica infection typically begins at a branch node or wound in the tree’s bark 14. Once a spore has entered the tree, hyphal growth begins14. When the fungi’s hyphae reach the cambium, the xylem and phloem are blocked, cutting off the transport of water and nutrients and a sunken canker is formed14. Eventually, the lack of water and nutrients kills the tree above the point of infection14. As a fungus, C.

Cotton/Texas root rot. Cotton root rot disease is one of the most destructive and difficult to control fungal diseases that can attack more than 2,000 broadleaf plant species. Cotton growers face the threat of significant crop damage to seedlings and potential devastation near maturity.

The Irish Potato Famine was the worst tragedy in the history of Ireland. The outcome of the famine would result in hundreds of thousands dead, an failure of the economy in Ireland, and millions of emigrants forced to leave their home and country just to try to survive. The famine would effect countries other than Ireland as well. Some of these countries included England, America, Canada, and Australia.

Roots and tuber crops such as potato, beet, carrot, radish, parsnip and turnip have long been staple dietary components of the people of Newfoundland and Labrador. As such, diseases that affect the production of these crops have a direct impact on both the farmers and the consumers. The common scab disease is an important disease of root and tuber crops in Newfoundland. The disease is characterised by superficial or corky-like lesions that form on the surface of the crops (Figure 1). The lesions reduce the market value of the crop leading to significant economic losses for the growers. Streptomyces bacteria found in the soil are known to be the causal organisms for the common scab disease. These include Streptomyces scabies, Streptomyces turgidiscabies and Streptomyces acidiscabies (Wharton et al. 2013). In particular, S. scabies has been well documented to

The third species that can cause damage is Alternaria tenuis. It will damage the wheat seedlings resulting in a leaf blight.

Sustainable management of these disease (disease complex) required an integrated disease management strategy. The integrated management can be developed by considering all the available management tool and proper execution of those strategy according to their applicability and effectiveness on the above-mentioned diseases. These foliar diseases are commonly managed by cultural practices, host resistant, biological and chemical controls. Selecting healthy and appropriately oriented vineyards, resistance or tolerance varieties or cultivars is always a good choice to prevent infection from the pathogen and development of disease epidemic. The primary infection of these pathogen can be limited by different cultural methods such as sanitation, pruning, training, burying or removal of infected crop

The two main carriers of the fungus are the American native elm bark beetle, and the European bark beetle ( Haugen, 2014). They transfer the fungus through the xylem, which then goes to both the roots as well as branches. Trees that get infected in spring or early summer die quickly, whereas plants that get infected in late summer often recover from the

The life cycle of M.graminicola is favored by optimum temperatures (15-20), and to cause infection it requires long periods of high humidity. Septoria tritici blotch survives from one season to the next on stubble. Following heavy rain or heavy dew in late autumn and early winter, wind borne spores are released from the bodies embedded in the stubble or previously infected plants. These can be spread over large distances. The Septoria tritici blotch has two very clearly visible

Like the last couple of chapters, the author begins by explaining how a winter storm destroyed many ancient paintings at Versailles and he uses this as a metaphor to compare it with a garden. Regarding disasters, this is also seen in Colorado when the Colorado potato beetle killed many potato crops and also in Ireland when a disease destroyed many of the potato crops. However, the author also describes how the use of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) bacteria has proved to save the Colorado potato population by being toxic to the Colorado potato beetle. In this sense, because people rely on potatoes as a good food source, they help out the potato by inserting a bacterium in its genome that will help it become resistant to pests. Unlike the three previous plants that were talked about, the potato is more susceptible to diseases because it reproduces asexually and as a result does not create much genetic diversity in its genome.

Stripe rust (Puccinia strifformis) is a fungus that weakens plants by removing water and nutrients, affecting the yield and quality of grains. Stripe rust affects wheat and can cause 100% yield losses when infection occurs early. For Example, in Washington, stripe rust affected 70% of the crops in 2002 (X. M. Chen, 2005). This disease does not just affect the United States of America, but all other countries. In China, more than 20 million ha of wheat has been affected by stripe rust(Wan, Chen, & He, 2007). This fungus spreads so fast that within a week symptoms appear and almost in two weeks, reproduction of this fungus starts to take place. More spores, mean the infection will now be able to transfer over larger areas by the means of various

A. solidipes is one of the species in the Armillaria genus that causes Armillaria root rot. Its hosts are conifers, hardwoods, orchards, shrubbery and vineyards. Armillaria root rot causes white rot of wood. The wood has a white bleach appearance due to the fungus degrading lignin and polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose). The fungus destroys root tissue and uses as a source of nutrition. The signs of infection are discreet except the obvious one is the appearance of honey mushrooms in the fall. The other signs of characteristics can be difficult to detect, but signs of infection can be found in the crown or lower stem.

America back in the 60's however had different ideas.US wanted to weaponize the fungus, either to be used in cluster bombs or spray tank. The idea was to infect the water supply causing wide crop epidemics thus starving the enemy to its knees. Thankfully, in 1960 US abandoned its desire for biological

Potential for damage is often more obvious where levels of humidity and rainfall are high. High levels of disease can result from just a few infected plants since each spot produces numerous conidia or spores. The spores can be dispersal by windborne and may also be spread by splashing rain, irrigation water, insects, and human contact. This disease could be a potential thread in other new areas with similar agro-ecology especially on Dioscoreophyllum, Rhigiocarya, Tinospora and Menispermaceae crops.