J Adams's Theory Of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer being a huge cause of mortality and medical expense in men age forty and above has only recently become a topic of general conversation to men in America (Plowden, 2009). African-American men are affected by prostate cancer at a disproportional level than all other men. They are diagnosed up to 65% more frequently and the mortality rate is twice that of Caucasian counterparts (Emerson, 2009). The African-American male is also less likely to take advantage of free prostate cancer screening (Oliver, 2007).

The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system, about the size of a walnut and surrounds the urethra. One of its main functions is that it produces a fluid that makes up part of the semen. As men age, the prostate may enlarge and expand, and in the enlarged state, it begins to block the flow of urine. This is a symptom of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and while not cancerous, surgery is required to correct urine flow. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United Sates after skin cancer, and it’s the 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in men. Almost all prostate cancer cases are classified as adenocarcinomas, meaning that

Prostate Cancer is a disease in which there is an uncontrolled growth of cells that lines the ducts of the prostate gland. The abnormal cells can spread throughout the prostate and nearby organs, such as the seminal vesicles. If not caught early they can spread (metastasized) to other organs of the body through the lymph or blood stream. (“...Treatment...” 13) Prostate Cancer can be like a silent killer. Some may show signs and symptoms of this disease while others may not. Some symptoms may include frequent urination, blood in the urine or semen, delayed or slowed start of urinary stream and dribbling or leakage of urine. Diagnosis testing for Prostate Cancer are digital

From surgery to radium exposure to such extremes as radiation therapy, as doctors’ knowledge of the varying types of cancer, and the expansion of medical research regarding cancer has changed, so has the preferred method of treatment. Doctors and researchers dedicated to studying cancer have led to a greater understanding of cancer development; consequently the development of treatments and cures that are more effective, less harmful, have fewer side effects, and in some cases serve to prevent the spread of cancer.

A biological influence on this health disparity is a genetic predisposition seen in African American men. Several studies have shown a chromosome that is more common in African American men that increases the risk of prostate cancer. The chromosome is 8q24 variants, which is the most commonly seen, as well as, BCL2 and EphB2 linking to a higher incidence of prostate cancer (Modlin, 2012). The genetic predisposition has also been proven to cause prostate cancer to be a more aggressive disease in African Americans, likely leading to the higher mortality rates. The behavioral influence of being less likely to get screened and the biological influence of a genetic predisposition interact to influence the health disparity.

Scientists are sure there are many more they just have not yet been diagnosed. The cancers that are most common in women are breast cancer and cancer of the uterus. The cancers that are most common in men are lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. Lung cancer kills more than 50,000 men a year. More men are likely to get lung cancer because in general men smoke more than women. Along with these leading cancers among women and men there are several other cancers that are common in both. Cancers of the colon, rectum, and large intestine kill more than 45,000 Americans a year (Altman and Sang 78). With numbers like that a person may begin to wonder if anyone survives the cancer

Metastatic prostate cancer is treated with drugs antagonizinf androgen action, but most patients progress to a more aggressive form of the disease named castration-resistant prostate cancer, driven by elevated expression of the androgen receptor (AR).

Make this November about prostate cancer and raise awareness with “Movember.” Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of men’s cancer, second to skin cancer. And it is also one of the leading causes of cancer death for men, according to the American Cancer Society. Making medical advice essential this Movember.

The goal is to educate men about their risks and encourage them to get a screening. Age and race are factors with African American men having an increased risk factor and higher probability. The American Cancer Society estimates that 1 in 7 men will be diagnosed with the disease in their lifetime. Early intervention is key to a successful treatment plan.

Each year approximately 233,000 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (Eggener, Cifu, & Nabhan, 2015). In 2015, prostate cancer was the second most common cancer related cause of death among United States men (Eggener, et. al., 2015). While the majority of prostate cancers are slow growing with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 98%, statistics show that when prostate cancer is identified as metastatic, the 5-year survival rate dramatically drops down to 20-25% (Eggener, et. al., 2015). According to these numbers alone, it appears screening for prostate cancer would be a well-accepted practice. However, current methods of screening for this cancer are controversial and has lead organizations like the U.S Preventative Service Task Force (USPSTF) and the American Cancer Society (ACS) to different guidelines for screening.

The fact is African-American men have the 2nd highest five-year survival rate in the world, after U.S. white men. If race then does not matter, then why do Blacks still have a higher incidence and mortality from prostate cancer? We can break the factors into categories related to incidence and/or

Page Description: Prostate cancer can be metastatic if early treatment is not performed. Effective treatment methods like radiation therapy can be helpful in treating the associated symptoms.

Cancer has presented itself as a constant treat for humanity all along its history and for most of it, a dark and grim perspective was the only outcome for the people afflicted by this condition. However with the arrival of the scientific method and the subsequent development of modern medicine during the XIX and XX centuries new ways of treating this condition were found. With innovations in surgery methods as the general anesthesia in 1846 by William Morton and the mastectomy procedure in 1880s (Halsted, 1894) medicine started an arms race against cancer. Later in the XX century, new tools in the form of chemical compounds were found to preferentially attack the tumor cells. During the post-war period and old weapon of war the nitrogen mustard,

Anogenital cancer (rectal, anal, anal canal, anorectum, penis and other genital) rates are on the rise with 27,660 estimated new male cases and 710 estimated male deaths in the United States last year alone.1 Currently, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommends vaccination in the men who have sex with men (MSM) population up to age 26 if they had not received it when they were younger.2 There are no current recommendations for this population who are greater than age 26 who have not previously received the vaccine. As age of an individual and number of lifetime sexual partners increases, the risk of developing anal cancer also increases. Men who have had >15 sexual partners during their lifetime show an increase in risk of developing anal cancer (OR=5.3; 95% CI, 2.4-12.0). Additionally, men who practice receptive anal intercourse is independently related to an increased risk of developing anal cancer (OR=6.8; 95% CI 1.4-33.8).3

Radiation and hormone therapy are commonly used as follow up treatments after a radical prostatectomy. A meta-analysis by Pinkawa (2010) reported that radiation doses of up to 76-87 Gy are effective in increasing survival in high-risk patients. Androgen deprivation hormone therapy is used to decrease male androgens such as testosterone (TST) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) influencing proliferation of cancer cells in PCa. Multiple forms of hormone therapy exist, all sharing a common goal of reducing TST and DHT levels.