J.O. Urmson’s article “Literature” attempts to develops the notion surrounding the ontological stance of literature. He states that literature is analogous to music, theatre and ballet. This paper will examine Urmson’s theories concerning literature and discuss the absence of clarity in the article. Urmson’s diagnosis of literature as an art form, is too immediate to form a strong stance on the ontological and analogous aspects of literature. Urmson begins by categorizing art into two categories. Firstly, there is a piece of art created by an artist. An example of this is an artist paints a painting. This category of art has no executant artist and can be altered after constructing. The second category of art consists of a creative artist …show more content…
82). Instead of acknowledging this, Urmson tries too hard to group literature into one category of artwork. Critically, Wollheim attempts at defining aspects of literature are more in depth than Urmson’s. Urmson disagrees with Wollheim about the creative type because he does not believe there could be a type without a token (pg. 89). Wollheim uses the examples of Ulysses as a type and his copy of Ulysses is a token of the type. Wollheim is less strict in his approach to artwork. Urmson’s problem in trying to define artwork is the fact that perceives traditional artwork as structured. He doesn’t view classical art as experimental, but rather artwork with a plan preconceived thing. Where the artist’s intentions is to always have their artwork shown to an audience. So if all artwork is meant to the seen by an audience, then yes there should not be a type without the tokens.Urmson does not want to state that artist create classes of work, especially unperformed artwork (pg. 89.) He believes that the tokens make up the type and create the type. To have a type without the token would be a theatrical play without the physical or the oral act of performance.Urmson argues that the best artwork comes from when a creative artist requires a preferrer or an executant and that is why there must be a set of instructions (pg.89). This also gives the artwork a structure instead use of improvisation. This arguably, Urmson’s personal take on the subject. Urmson ends his article with answering his two questions and states the idea that the reader neither creates the work nor performs, but witness what would be preforming (pg. 92). He has changed his answer from stating that literature a performing art, to now being an art form that is
Considering the importance of the literature work, in the following writing. Two literary attempts will be made to make a comparison and to highlight
Critic Roland Barthes has said, “Literature is the question minus the answer.” Choose a novel or play and, or considering Barthes’ observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole.
Plato divides the world into – the world of ideals and the world of sense-perception. Reality exists in the form of ideals and is perceived through the senses in the world of appearances. Plato exemplifies this concept with the help of three beds- one the ideal of a ‘bed’; second, the bed made by a carpenter and third the bed painted by the artist. The artist imitates the carpenter who in turn imitates the ideal world. Thus the painting is an imitation of an imitation. The work of an artist is twice removed from reality. Plato likens poets to painters and thus calls them liars. Plato calls poetry the art of divine madness. The artists and orators, according to plato, persuades their audience by rhetoric and not by speaking the
There were authors who will write about literature and their work would be looked as if it had an influence on science. Derrida and Kuhn’s were a big influence on English professor because they open one mind that literature does not have essence and that literary criticism is not science. The author also believes that people outside the profession are not interested in literature and
2004 (Form A): Critic Roland Barthes has said, “Literature is the question minus the answer.” Choose a novel or play and, considering Barthes’ Observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary.
Kenneth Burke, in “Psychology and Form” and “Lexicon Rhetoricae,” two brief essays in his book Counterstatement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968), writes that the most profound effects of a work of art are created by the repetition of form; the creation of expectations in a reader through repeated and carefully varied devices, as well as through information, enhances our excitement about information by baffling our emotional expectation, and finally satisfies us with increasingly complex style and devices as well as with plot complications. Language, symbolism, and dramatic action fuse at the end of the work. Burke cautions us to beware of the tyranny of the informational, as characters, and even authors—especially the humorist
Literature comes in all forms; its basically everything around us. Movies, books, newspaper, songs, posters, magazines, these are examples of literature. Like the many forms of literature, it also has many purposes; literature is used as a source of entertainment, it in forms people, and it also enlightens them with knowledge. Ever since we entered school, we have constantly been questioned, asked to reflect upon what we read and to analysis what we read, watch and see. All we have been doing since day one had been analysing literature. Don’t you think there must be a reason for all these years of analysing everything? I’ve finally come to the conclusion that all those years of analysing was to prove to us the power of literature. To some extent literature has the power to refute and/or reinforce our prejudice and bias. Literature is able to do this because it is able to open us to the different social and cultural standing around the world, we can always connect with literature, it comes in many forms and it’s composed of facts.
The objective of this Literary Analysis Essay is to express my opinion as it relates to the
There are different forms of literature which can include essays, poems, novels, reports and more. The one thing all forms of literature have in common is that they all have meaning, purpose and form, but how it is expressed is all different, the question is how. Most of the times authors have a reason to convey such messages, and how the messages are delivered is up to the author as well. The author uses the form, it’s aesthetics to send the readers an image; what kind of literature it is. The authors also send the readers a blatant message, the message is sent through the text of the literature. Through the text on the literature the author portrays purpose, and with the form of the
As the era of literature slowly declines, the expert critiques and praise for literature are lost. Previously, novels were bursting at the seams with metaphors, symbolism, and themes. In current times, “novels” are simply short stories that have been elaborated on with basic plot elements that attempt to make the story more interesting. Instead of having expert critical analysis written about them, they will, most likely, never see that, as recent novels have nothing to analyze. Even books are beginning to collect dust, hidden away and forgotten, attributing to the rise of companies such as Spark Notes. An author deserves to have his work praised, no matter how meager and the masses should have the right to embrace it or to reject it. As
While examining artwork, there are four different categories to discuss: description, analysis, interpretation, and judgement.Throughout those categories, elements of design and principles of design can be used to describe the artwork. Artwork is created through emotions and personal life experiences that are able to create a story behind it.
The doodle a woman makes on her notepad while on hold with the dentist’s office is a creation, and therefore art. An incredibly complex and lifelike portrait that took months to plan and paint is a creation, and therefore art. One does not have to create within the confines of traditional artistic thought to be an artist. By looking inward within one’s self, finding inspiration from existence, and executing a work, one is an artist.
It is when the artist begins to add nuances and harmonies to the melody that the work becomes inaccessible to the unlearned ear, thus isolating a portion of the audience. When works of art are created to express the universality of humankind they are more beneficial to it. As an example, this view is dissimilar to the view if Dante, who believed that the language of a work should be elevated. Tolstoy argues the more details that are given in the work the more opportunities for disconnection from its message the audience has (391).
In these ready-mades there was no artistic intervention such as colour. The ready-mades just existed by themselves. These objects chosen by the artist– not made by the artist own hand – were the result of an intellectual process and thus art. A process that involved minimal amount of interaction between the artist and art and provoke the spectator to participate and
The purpose of Wilde’s essay is more to challenge other critics’ conceptions about criticism, than a focus on language and writing style, although these do becomes aspects of his arguments. One particular critic’s view that he opposes is Matthew Arnold’s ‘the function of criticism’. In that essay, Arnold states that the purpose of criticism is “to see the object as in itself it really is.’ Wilde quotes this but staunchly disagrees, “this is a very serious error … the highest criticism deals with art not as expressive but as impressive purely”. Much how Longinus sees the purpose of sublime language is to “transport us with wonder”, Wilde claims the focus of criticism is to acknowledge how art inspires awe and in writing about it, one can create a new piece of artwork. Wilde believes that an emotional reaction to work is more important than