Lab Report Essay

The following tests according to the lab manual were performed: gram stain, fermentation tubes, methyl red, vogues proskauer, sulfur, indole, motility and growing it up on MacConkey agar. The gram stain was performed incorrectly the first time. This is because the decolorizer was not on the bacterium slide for long enough, giving a false outcome.

I began by running the starch test, which tests for the presence of starch hydrolyzing enzymes. After doing a one-line inoculation of the organism, the plate had to be incubated. Once I received an appropriate amount of growth I added the reagent iodine. The iodine turned the plate purple, formed no clear zone, and lifted the organism off of the plate, which revealed that the starch was not degraded and the enzyme was not present. The organism being lifted off the plate is unique to the bacteria Corynebacterium xerosis indicating that it was my gram positive rod. For reassurance, I ran the Phenol Red Glucose test, which tests if the organism contains various enzymes that determine if the bacteria can ferment glucose. After incubation, the broth turned orange, but this did not provide a clear positive or negative result so I ran the Nitrate Broth Reduction test. The Nitrate Broth Reduction test detects if the organism utilizes nitrate. After incubation for forty-eight hours I added Nitrate A and Nitrate B indicators. However, there was no color change indicating that the test was inconclusive. Since the test was inconclusive, I proceeded to the following step, which included adding a small amount of zinc to the broth, and this turned the broth a red color. The red color indicated that

This experiment was performed to observe differences in density based on the chemical makeup of an object. Pennies minted before 1982, pennies minted after 1982, and an unknown metal sample was tested to see if there were any differences in their densities. Ten pennies from each category and the metal sample were weighed using a scale to find mass and the displacement method was used to find their volumes. The masses and volumes were then used to calculate the densities of the pennies (D=m/v). The density of the pre-1982 pennies were 8.6 g/mL while the post-1982 pennies were 6.9 g/mL. The metal sample’s density was 1.7 g/mL. Following the experiment we were given the real densities of each item to calculate the percent error with the formula

groups. It was conducted to further the research in choice overload and paralysis of the mind.

Negative result is no color change with mineral oil on top of solution. This bacterium has +/- reaction on MAC plate. It could survive in an acidic environment, but it not able to ferment lactose. The bacteria grow on the plate, but did not change the color of the plate to bright pink. This bacterium has a +/- result on Bile Esculin Agar.

Then I moved onto the Phenol Red Arabinose test which shows whether the bacteria can ferment the sugar arabinose. My tube was yellow so it was positive for arabinose which brought it down to two bacteria either E. coli or C. koseri. The last test was the Citrate test which reveals if an organism can use citrate as a source of carbon and contains bromthymol blue as the pH indicator. My negative organism came out with no color change or growth so it did not utilize citrate so my organism was identified as E. coli. For my gram positive, it was immediately identified as cocci so I knew it was not B. cereus or B. subtilis.

After completing these tests, I have the determined that a bacterium Sample 70A is B. cereus. According to our class chart B. cereus is positive for Oxidase and DNase

When Kate and I showed up to set up our new classroom before the new school year, and we discover the people before left a group of chemicals unlabelled. So to not waste supplies, we as experienced chemists must determine their identities so we can use them. My partner, Kate and I must identify a set of unknown chemicals with the knowledge we acquire by testing a set of known solutions and seeing if they form precipitation reactions, if yes what color do they turn. We will known if combining the solutions creates a reaction if one of the products is in a solid state. To determine the identities, we must conduct an experiment.

3.1. Mass balance of the two-step hydrodeoxygenation products The yields of the pretreated, and hydrodeoxygenative products obtained from the 1st, and 2nd reaction with Amberlyst 36 wet, and Pt/C, respectively, based on the weight of the bio-oil, are shown in Table 1.The yield of each product revealed that the composition of HDO products was affected considerably by the pretreated temperature. In the pretreatment step, 94.8-97.0 wt% of reactant was recovered. The amount of by-product (gas, and char) yielded similar amount at 50-100°C, while the yield of gas, and char increased to 4.0, and 1.2 wt%, respectively, when the bio-oil pretreated at 150°C.

However, I was told whether my unknown was negative or positive for both tests. Some bacteria can reduce cytochrome c by using O2 as an electron acceptor during aerobic respiration. Only bacteria that contain the enzyme Cytocrhome oxidase can do this. I was told by the professor that my unknown is oxidase negative. The lipase test is used in determining if bacteria contain lipase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids.

The bacteria that was contained within Unknown tube #12 is believed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Figure 1. The bacteria tested to be Gram Stain negative, producing a pink, red color retained from the staining process. When the species of bacteria was plated on nutrient media, the cells produced an irregular and spreading configuration as shown in Figure 2. This same plating test provided the margins and elevation, lobate and hilly, respectively. The specimen was stabbed in a Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM) tube using an inoculated loop of the bacteria. The results of this experimentation indicate the type of oxygen requirement of the bacteria. The test found the bacteria to be aerobic as colonies of the bacteria began to form along the top of the FTM tube (Manual 2017).

Discussion: For each half of the membrane, only 1 unique band should appear in each sample lane, and the band should be consistent with other lanes as well. The reason is that a primary antibody can only bind to a specific protein. If that specific protein is present in the sample, then a band should appear. In this experiment, goat anti-rabbit HRP was used to localize the site of the primary antibody.

Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to identify a given unknown based on the previous experiment and lab techniques that we have learned during this course. It was achieved, by preparing a gram staining procedure, to help us identify the morphology of the bacteria, and to prepare a various of different test, such as the starch test, oxidase, urease, citrate, MSA, Nitrate Reduction and MP/VP to help us identify if the bacteria is able to produce the specific catabolism that it being testes for. Procedure:

The Oxidase test is another test used to differentiate between Gram-negative bacteria but was not used in this experiment. Materials and Methods

The purpose of this report is to confirm the lithology and porosity of the reservoir for my company, which is considering a water flood on a reservoir overlain by a shale seal. Also to investigate the mechanical properties of the shale seal. ∅=(∆t-∆t_ma)/(∆t_f-∆t_ma ) ………………..……......……………(1) Firstly, the saltwater neutron-density cross plot from the Schlumberger chart book was used to find the porosity and lithology of the reservoir. Figure 1 shows the usage of the neutron-density cross plot and by that the porosity was found to be 17% and the lithology was read to be quartz sandstone.