Legionnaires Disease Research Paper

In a response to the polio outbreak of 1916, Dr. Haven Emerson, the Health Commissioner for New York City, stated: “we have learned little that is new about the disease, but much that is old about ourselves.” The meaning of this has to do with the ideology that no matter the era, people have a common response to the outbreak of contagious disease. Human nature supplies us as humans with a common reaction to dealing with disease, and it is one that can be seen during the Black Death, polio epidemics, and ebola epidemics, as well as many other epidemics. These responses can be both positive and negative, and often have to do with containment of the disease, preventative measures - which may or may not be effective; and scapegoating. Although there may be individualized responses for each of these diseases, the way in which the health-care officers and the public handle the outbreak of disease generally follows the same pattern overall.

Many Americans die each year from complications connected to Clostridium difficile. It can ill a significant number of individuals as well as animals. The Clostridium difficile infection is the result of poor hygiene, misuse, overuse of antibiotics and an aging population. In this paper I will be discussing the following topics, what clostridium difficile means, what it causes, signs and symptoms, complications, treatment and the prevention.

First characterized as a mild sickness characterized by adenopathy, a rash, and hardly a fever, George Maton did not think much of the disease in 1814. However, later on, a scientist by the name of Veale gave it the name of rubella in 1866. Rubella (German Measles) attracted hardly any attention before 1942, when it was discovered by Norman Gregg that birth defects were being linked with maternal rubella in the first trimester. It was until 1962 that the full gravity of rubella embryopathy remained a mystery. In that year, two different groups by the names of Neva and Weller; and Parkman, Buescher, and Artenstein; isolated and clarified rubella in a single tissue culture. (1) Utilizing the newly developed tools of the virus laboratory, several

Over the past month ten people have died and one-hundred have fallen ill due to an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in the South Bronx section of New York State. Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the Legionella bacterium has been detected in two apartment houses, the Bronx County Hall of Justice, The Bronx General Post Office and the Samuel Gompers High School at the present time. Five other Bronx locations have also been tested positive and the mayor insists that the city is winning the battle against the outbreak. According to a news story shared by Newsweek on August 9, the fatal form of bacterial pneumonia is tapering off and officials are attempting to contain the outbreak within the New York City’s South Bronx neighborhood.

During 1977 in Copen hang, a lady died after being diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia shortly after her immune system failed her with no signs before doing so. However, in Paris during 1978 a man was diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia, he showed symptoms of fungus in his mouth, warts on his hands and legs, and a toxoplasmosis cat disease that was eating away his brain. After this outrageous outbreak of pneumocystis pneumonia, doctors in Paris came to the conclusion that they should look more into this since people don’t usually die from this illness. This was an important moment because doctors should have been more attentive to patients who were being diagnosed with the pneumocystis pneumonia. This was the start of a coactive enterprise. Doctors wanted their patients to be more than just victims who were all

The fever was consuming Philadelphia. Thousands of people were killed. My name is Elizabeth Brown sister of Clara and Ida Brown, we three are physicians coming over from England. We have arrived in Philly and we are volunteering to help out in Bush Hill but, there are other physicians from Philadelphia that rumor has it that they are actually killing people. There are similarities between treatments of the Philadelphia doctors and the French doctors aka us.

A new form of pneumonia, called Legionnaire’s Disease claimed the lives of 34 people who attended a convention in Philadelphia while 221 others became infected.

In 1793 a prompt fever ran through the urbanization of Philadelphia like the swiftest track contestant in the universe. That pyrexia was called yellow fever. If you had a vile case of yellow fever you had the choice of a French physician or an American physician to treat you.Yellow fever blew in Philadelphia by the nonresident freights. It happened in the burning, arid like the inhabited in the summer of 1793. If you got taint by yellow fever you must have gotten dab by negligible, hypersonic , uproarious mites. Grievously 2,000 to 5,000 vital forces croak because of this slayer contagion.

population could be in danger. This is because portions of our population are unvaccinated which means they have the potential of contracting the diseases and spreading it. The large population could be a danger if this happens which would result in chaos throughout the world. Smallpox as a weapon could turn over any plan that is put in place even post vaccination and cause many deaths. It is the mode of transmission, low dose, and ability to cause a severe disease that makes it widely feared as a biological weapon (Weiss ea atl., 2004).

Have you had a cough and wondered what it is. After reading this research you will always question yourself and your child. Whooping cough also known as Pertussis is a highly contagious disease. This disease is one of the most commonly occurring in the United States. The Mayo clinic which is a major health care clinic reports that in the first half of the 20th century whooping cough was the leading cause of childhood illness and death in the U.S. How can a cough be so deadly? What do you do to treat whooping cough? Where did the cough come from and what are the symptoms?

Pertussis is a very contagious bacterial disease that can spread from person to person through droplets from coughing and sneezing. “Pertussis can results in severe coughing attacks that can last for months and can also be a life-threatening disease for infants, who are too young to receive vaccinations against its risk (Calson & Swan 2013)”. Even though pertussis is known as being transmitted through the air, it can also be transmitted through handshakes with infected individuals as well as through materials handled by infected person to a non-infected person. Additionally, the pertussis disease can be transmitted to others before it develops symptoms in a person.

Legionnaires’ disease is caused by bacteria known as Legionella. It is a type of pneumonia. This bacteria is naturally found in the environment, most commonly found in water. The Legionella bacteria can be readily found in water systems, and anything that holds water, such as hot tubs and plumbing systems..

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

Diphtheria is a highly contagious disease that causes inflammation in airway passages. Diphtheria also has a connection with the infection pertussis, also known as whooping cough. Diphtheria dates back to the early 1700’s, and was known for being a plague among children. Not until 1826, was diphtheria given it’s name. In 1885, the idea for intubation was finally brought up by a physician by the name of Joseph O’Dwyer. Many years later, a man by the name of Emil von Behring, stated that a mixture of both the diphtheria toxin and antitoxin produced an immunization. In 2009, it was declared that since 2004, there had not been one single case of diphtheria in the United States. The disease has almost disappeared in the United States now, but sadly there are still many cases of

Dysentery is an English noun first used in 1382 in an early version of the Wycliffite Bible, noting a disease along with fever and ‘bloody flux’ (OED 1989, s.v. ‘dysentery’). Dysentery was originated from the Greek word δυσέντερος, meaning ‘suffering from dysentery’ (LSJ 1940, s.v. ‘δυσέντερος’). Δυσέντερος consists of the prefix δυσ-, generally meaning ‘un-rest’, ‘mis-chance’ (LSJ 1940, s.v. ‘δυς’). The root, εντερ, taken from the root “ἐντερεύω”, meaning ‘gut’ (LSJ 1940, s.v. ‘ἐντερεύω’). The suffix -y denotes the word being a noun for the ‘state of’, ‘quality of’ (Ayers 1972, s.v. ‘y-, ia-’). As Wycliffite took the word directly from Old French as the pioneer to translate the Bible into English, the English word is comparable