Limiting Reactant Lab Report

The purpose of this lab was to determine the limiting reactant in a mixture of to soluble salts and the percent composition of each substance in a salt mixture.

In chemical reactions, the significance of knowing the limiting reactant is high. In order to increase the percent yield of product, increasing the limiting reactant, possibly, is the most effective. In this experiment we were able to calculate limiting reactants from the reaction of CaCl2. 2H2O + K2C2O4.H2O(aq).

In this experiment, you have been asked by your teacher, to investigate the design of a small-scale airbag system they want to produce as a child safety device to put into baby strollers. Because of sodium azide’s toxicity (which is used in many vehicular airbags), it is suggested you use the reaction of NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate or baking soda) with an aqueous solution of HCL (stomach acid) to produce CO₂ gas to test your engineering design. The reaction of hydrochloric acid and sodium bicarbonate is: HCL + NaHCO₃, one mole of CO₂ gas is produced. Regarding the other products, NaCl dissolves in the water to create a salt solution which occupies only a small portion of the volume inside the bag.

Aim: The aim of the lab “Chemical Equilibrium” is to observe the effects of changes in concentrations of products and reactants on the position of the equilibrium of given chemical reactions.

•For each of your two reactions, most of the reactants and products can be difficult to see, and concentration can be difficult to measure without the proper laboratory equipment. Therefore, it is recommended that the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced over a given amount of time be used to help qualitatively compare the reaction rates of each trial. If you have another way you would like to compare rates of this reaction, feel free to explain it thoroughly in your written lab procedure.

The goal of this lab was to determine the amount of grams of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) required to produce enough CO2 gas to completely fill the lab and also how many Alka-Seltzer tablets that would equate to. This was done by collecting CO2 gas by inverting a buret and submerging it under water in order to calculate the volume of CO2 released from a fragment of Alka-Seltzer tablet. The main component of Alka-Seltzer is sodium bicarbonate, used to neutralize excess stomach acid during illness through the following reaction that generates CO2:

The purpose of this lab was to determine the limiting reactant in a reaction between copper sulfate and iron. Using the reaction between copper sulfate and iron, the reaction was observed to see the reaction and transformation of matter. The copper sulfate was placed into a beaker, as the excess reactant, then iron filings added until the heated solution was completely reacted. This reaction created an excess of leftover. The law of conservation of mass can be observed in this reaction, and using the data found, the percent yield calculated.

To start this experiment, set up the gas collecting apparatus. To start Part A, add approximately 15mL of distilled water to the test tube and record the temperature. Use about half of an Alka-Seltzer® tablet and record the mass. Close the test tube with the stopper with the tubing and tilt the test tube so the water and tablet react. When the reaction is finished, record the volume of CO2 recovered by lining the meniscus of the graduated cylinder up with the water level.

Once you have the mass of the gas, calculate the number of moles of CO2 that were produced in the chemical reaction between the vinegar and the 2 Alka-Seltzer® tablets?

A chemical change can be caused by combining two compounds, such as baking soda (NaHCO3) and vinegar (CH3COOH). The change that is taking place is because of the chemical property of reactivity. When these two compounds react CO2 is produced. In this experiment we wanted to see how much baking soda, added to 10mL of vinegar, would cause a film canister rocket to shoot the farthest. I predicted that 10mL of baking soda would shoot the farthest because it would be equal to the amount of vinegar in the canister. The independent variable in this experiment was the amount of baking soda and the dependent variable was how far the lid would shoot.

The limiting reactant lab was constructed to provide a better understanding of precipitation reactions, by using filtration techniques. Also, it was created to help determine the limiting reactants in a solution, and to calculate theoretical and percent yield. Within the experiment two metal salts were prepared. Part A formed the precipitation of cobalt (II) carbonate, while Part B formed the precipitation of nickel (II) phosphate. The experiment concluded, the calculated theoretical yields of 0.120 g for CoCO3 and 0.184 g for Ni3(PO4)2.

After the amount of carbon dioxide lost was found, stoichiometry lets the loss of carbon dioxide to help find the amount of sodium bicarbonate reacted. Moreover, the mass of sodium bicarbonate and the mass of the original tablet help calculate the percent by mass of sodium bicarbonate. An observation made is that the changing amounts in each trial according to Table 1.1 show that, with changing amounts of starting material, the mass of carbon dioxide and the mass of sodium bicarbonate are inevitably affected. However, looking closely at Figure 1.1, the amounts of vinegar added increased in the experiment consequently making it the excess reactant to the sodium bicarbonate causing the graph in Figure 1.1 to level out. The tables should then show a steady increase in the percent by mass in the tablet and the amount of carbon dioxide

The limiting reactant of a chemical reaction is the substance that places an upper bound on the amount of product that the reaction can produce. The limiting reactant places this upper bound because the reaction must stop once all of the limiting reactant is consumed.

An unknown sample was massed and put into three test tubes for three different trials. A gas transfer assembly was put together and hydrochloric acid was added to each sample in each test tube. A reaction between the carbonate sample and the acid occurred and the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced was recorded. This process was repeated three times. The mass

In a chemical experiment when two substances are reacting, one reactant will be consumed first then the other one and it will be call Limiting reactant. “The limiting reactant is a reactant in a chemical reaction that determines the amount of product produced” (Helmenstine). This is the substance that controls the results, depending on the amount that it can produce it’s going to be determinate how far the chemical reaction can go. The Percent Yield gives the amount of product that could possibly be produced in a given reaction. Percent yield measures how efficient the reaction is under certain conditions.” Percent yield measures how efficient the reaction is under certain conditions” (Boundless). To find the Percent Yield, we have to calculate