Literature Review Of Multi Trophic Aquaculture

As time goes by developed countries pay great amounts of attentions to fish stocks and the consumption of fish species. These numbers are very important to environmentalist because it helps the government set percentage quotas to keep the fish species in good

World's ocean capacity is predicted that the overall marine species will not be sustainable to feed future global population of 9 billion and this due to the significant environmental issue, overfishing. Overfishing is caused by catching overrated numbers of fish, especially when we depletes the adult fish population and does not leave enough fish to breed and restock their numbers so that they can be sustainable. On top of catching over the limit, many fishing methods are unsustainable, which also impacts the function of the ecosystem.

Fish, one of our most important sources of high-quality protein, provides some 16% of the animal protein consumed by the world’s population, (Food & Agriculture Organization, FAO, of the United Nations, 1997). Our responses towards a growing demand for fish led to a boom in the salmon farming industry (Naylor, et al., 1998). Unfortunately, the consequences of salmon farming outweigh the value that comes with it. Even though salmon farming is steadily becoming more sustainable, salmon farming is not a suitable and environmentally sound way of producing food due to the negative issues salmon farming has caused in the environment, the salmon population, and the health of humans.

The food and aquaculture organisation of the United Nation’s (FAOUN) define Aquaculture as the farming of aquatic animals, which includes fish, molluscs, crustaceans, reptiles and aquatic plants for food and aquariums. Farming implies some form of interference

The definition of aquaculture is simply the farming of fish, plants and shellfish as well as many more aquatic organisms. Aquaculture refers to the cultivation of freshwater and marine species, and includes land based and opens ocean production. Aquaculture can be compared with commercial fishing, aquaculture involves cultivating of fresh and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, while commercial fishing is the harvesting of wild aquatic creatures and can be seen more as a form of “hunting and gathering”.

Shellfish diversity was found dominated all the years with a maximum of 72% during 2011-12 which was followed by finfish diversity with 58% occurrence in the year 2013-14. There is an increase in the shellfish biodiversity up to 2011-12 from then a sudden decrease of shellfish was observed (32%) and a further decrease of shellfish occurrence was found in 2013-14. The major shellfish biodiversity of cage site during the present study was recorded as fouling on cage frames, nets and barrels.

What is sustainability? It means to “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Well let me tell you there are fewer fish in the sea, and there is a possibility that in the future there won’t be any. Fisheries all over the world are facing numerous setbacks, because of the aggregated consequences of overfishing, and effects of climate change in our oceans. So, I am going to be summarizing two different articles about the supply of fish by two separate teams of researchers. As well as informing you about the author’s intentions upon publishing these reports.

According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) statistics, seventy-four percent of the world’s fisheries are either depleted, over-exploited, or fully exploited. This means that in a few decades the world will be dependent on aquaculture to raise seafood. Aquaculture has been going on for many years now and globally, aquaculture provides more that 50 percent of all seafood produced for human consumption and soon enough that percentage will rise. There are people who are skeptical about the safety of aquaculture. This had led to numerous amounts of articles being published warning people of the dangers of aquaculture and also articles that encourages people to be socially accepting of it.

In fact, “in 2008, approximately 90 per cent of the fish oil available worldwide, and 71 per cent of the fish meal, was consumed in aquaculture practices” (Tacon & Metian in preparation, as quoted in Bostock et al., 2010: 2905). This is extremely unsustainable, it is impossible to attain enough feed to continue to sustain these practices at the pace we are, without overfishing the oceans. Recall aquaculture was supposed to be a more sustainable alternative to the unsustainable fishing practices we employed in the past, such as deep ocean bottom trawling. However, to acquire enough feed, bottom trawling will be required, which in turn renders many fish species instinct and destroys their habitats (Van Denderen et al., 2013: 1). Unless of course, new methods of finding feed are discovered, which is currently in development. In fact, Bostock et al, (2010) contend that “up to 25 per cent of fish meal is now obtained from fish processing waste, and ingredient substitution is also increasing the efficiency of fish meal and oil utilization”, which is a step in the right direction (p. 2905). Furthermore, the fish intake to fish output, FIFO (transference of energy between trophic levels) is understood as being about 10:1 from one level to the next, however, “output ratios for salmon improved from 7.5 to 4.9” which is promising

Another global effect of overfishing is fish farming or aquaculture. It was first started to help preserve the ocean and hoped to help people to obtain a reliable fish source. Unfortunately, what many came to realize is the downside of fish farming. One example is water contamination, where consequently waste products such as foods eaten, feces and other dead fish, are all dumped into our main water supply which contributes to water pollution. Moreover, chemicals that are used to treat the fish farms like antibiotics and algaecides are all released into the ocean; which is a real cause for concern for our oceans. Fish that come from the fish farms are pumped full of drugs, to prevent sickness in the fish but this is not healthy for us to eat. There is also a great environmental impact which includes the fact that to sustain fish farms, portions of

From burgers, chicken salads, thanksgiving turkey, seafood platters, humans around the world consume many different types of meat products. A main source of sustainability is the human food supply, especially in the meat market where current farming methods are not sustainable for the future. The whole meat market can be summed up to just a few main products: beef, pork, and chicken. It is unheard of the see a crow, or bear on a dinner menu, but rather see a type of meat that comes from a cow or chicken displayed over a variety of dishes. The same thing is happening with the seafood industry, as go to the market and you will likely see these four types of fish: tuna, cod, shrimp and salmon. Every year fishermen fish out the weight of china in fish from the ocean, which sounds horrible, but also a good thing, as the ocean is making at least that many fish per year. With the increment of aquaculture going up in the last thirty to forty years, that allows us to intake another weight of china per year.

In today’s global economy sustainability is very important; from the biological aspect to the industries they all play a role on the marine environment. As world population increases the demand of fish rises causing overfishing. Certain laws have been placed to limit the amount of wild fishing to reduce the risk of endangerment. To meet the demand of the population, fish farms are introduced. Pollution and health related issues are part of the challenges of fish farming. Sustainability also affects social areas such as beaches.

Marine fisheries revenues totaled about $70 billion in the late 1990s and accounted for $13 billion in net exports (Botsford, L.W., et. al., 1997). The total revenues for marine fisheries today is $91.2 billion This huge industry also supplies a large food source to populations around the world and is an important source of jobs for many countries. However, almost half of the world’s fish stocks are fully exploited or overexploited. Fisheries management has failed to reach the one goal of marine fisheries, sustainability.

Two Ponds (P3 & P4) lined with tarpaulin sheets were selected for the experimental culture having depth range of 1.30 & 1.25 m respectively. The pond measurements like Top & bottom width, surface area, pond name, and species stocked, stocking density and days of culture were prescribed on the display board at one corner of the pond. The pond was allowed to dry for 30 days. The pre-stocking management (Fig-01) practices were adopted as per the standard procedure follows as drying, desilting, bio-security measures

2 PG Research Scholar, Department of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries College and Research Institute; Tamil Nadu Fisheries University; Thoothukudi; Tamil Nadu; India – 628008