‘‘If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.’’ is very truly coated by Sir Isaac Newton. Ideas gave way to idea. When Marconi invented wireless communication 100 years ago, we had no idea that one day life will seem to be impossible without it. It has penetrated each and every aspect of human life and has resulted into endless demands on bandwidth and spectrum. And by standing on the shoulders of giants, Teletarand Foschinigave the technique of MIMO system which would increase the spectral efficiency of the wireless system to its maximum compared to all the current technologies. Multiple antennas are used for transmission and reception to increases the capacity of the wireless channel.Capacity is expressed as the …show more content…
SIMO
Fig1: Different antenna configurations in space-time systems.
Now we know that MIMO is an array, so we need to be some terms related to antenna array, which is Array gain, the average increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiverthat arises from the coherent combining effect of multiple antennas at the receiveror transmitter or both.If the channel is known to the multiple antenna transmitter,
The transmitter will weigh the transmission with weights, depending on the channelcoefficients, so that there is coherent combining at the single antenna receiver.The array gain in this case is called transmitter array gain. And vice versa for SIMO case, which will be known as receiver Array Gain. Basically, multiple antenna systems require perfectchannel knowledge either at the transmitter or receiver or both to achieve thisarray gain. Next important term is Diversity Gain. Multipath fading is a significant problem in communications. In a fading channel,signals experience fades.When the signalpower drops significantly, the channel is said to be in a fade. This gives rise tohigh bit error rates (BER).This involvesproviding replicas of the transmitted signal over time, frequency, or space. Thereare three types of diversity schemes in wireless communications:
I .Temporal diversity: In this case replicas of the transmitted signal are provided across time by a combination of channel coding and time interleaving strategies.
Reach- refers to the number of people who will be exposed to the message via a particular channel
1-2. What are the roles of the source and the receiver in the communication process?
d) We can increase the Maximum possible speed by increasing Signal-to-noise ratio or increasing channel’s bandwidth. However, increasing the channel’s band-width is more efficient in
High-frequency signals are transmitted toward the targets. The transmitted signal is reflected by the target and then received by the same radar.
Putting your messages into codes i.e. sound or light waves is called encoding. Converting the codes back to messages is called decoding.
Network coding allows multiple packets to be transmitted using a smaller number of packets thereby increasing throughput. Here a common single base station transmits data from a common single base station to intermediate stations where it is kept and sent out to the final destination or to any other intermediate stations at a later time. For a traditional network that employs multicast network, the stations receive a packet and forward it to the next node. Under network coding,
Encoded message has to be put in form of signal that is capable of being transmitted. Channel is the means through which the message is to be transmitted to the receiver from the source. Channel can be personal or non-personal. Non-personal channel is may be mass media advertising which can reach a large number of audiences at a time where personal channels such as face-to-face contacts and word of mouth communication can be much more effective and influential and that’s probably because these communications are more flexible and can change with the circumstances.
frequencies which helps avoid some of the single frequency problems. It can usually transmit at only around 250 kps.
* Set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single link
It only considers the wavelength of the carrier frequency and the distance between transmitter and receiver, which is usually used for estimate the channel or system design.
Where fh and fL are upper and lower band limits, respectively. Relative bandwidth in excess of 100% are possible for some antenna types.
Shannon Theory, discussed the possible usage of information to define the required transmission Channels’ bandwidth of high frequency transmission channels.
When changing the bits so they can be sent over different types of media this is known as signalling. Signalling will change the bits to what it needs to be for transmission then is read by the connections at the other end.
The characteristics of the channel satellite and mobile communications arm is an important and fast-growing wireless communications and play an important role in the transfer of information through the media of spread from the transmitter to the receiver with the minimum error rate.
Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest growing segment of the communications industry. It has captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public. However, the fundamental phenomenon which makes transmission unreliable is time varying fading. The phenomenon is described as the constructive/destructive interference between signals arriving at the same antenna via different paths, and hence with different delays and phases, resulting in random fluctuations of the signal level at the receiver. This paper investigates Rake receiver method of combating fading.