macroeconomic objectives simultaneously?
In answering the above question the author has considered the four macroeconomic objectives and these are:
1) Economic Growth
Economic growth is the increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can be measured in nominal terms, which includes inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation. (Investopedia n.d)
2) Lower unemployment
Lower unemployment means that any government fiscal body has increased revenue (more people paying taxes) combined with reduced expenditure (reduction in benefits claimants).Lowering unemployment becomes difficult when balanced against innovation and improved technology
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(Global-rates.com 2014)
4) Avoiding balance of payment deficit
The balance of payments is effectively the difference between the funds received by a country through exports and those paid by the same country for all international transactions. These international transactions include
a) The exchange of merchandise (export and import of products) which is the balance of merchandise trade.
b) The exchange of services,
c) Any gifts or transfer payments that do not involve the exchange of goods and services
d) The purchase of physical or financial capital assets
The diagram show a circular flow of activity in the economy (Anosweb.encyclonomic n.d)
How are these objectives related?
All four elements noted above, i.e. economic growth, lower unemployment, lower inflation and avoiding balance of payment deficit are considered to be the sub sections to government fiscal and monetary policy, otherwise known as stabilising of the economy (e.g. full employment, control of inflation and equitable balance of payments) is one of the goals that government tend to achieve through manipulation of fiscal and monetary policies. Fiscal Policy relates to taxes and expenditures, monetary policy through financial markets and supply of credit, money and other financial assets. When these factors noted above are in place, it may encourage economic growth. (Market.com n.d.)
Increased employment will enviably mean that unemployed people with fewer skills will either train to skill
Economic growth is an increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services from one period of time to another. In simple terms, it refers to an increase in aggregate productivity.
In 2011, the rate of unemployment is at 9%. Although there is a decline it has been rather slow. Financial analysts predict that unemployment rate would drop to 8%. Even for the people who still have their jobs the hours that they work have been reduced since then. With reduced hours the productivity of the workers would not be fully exploited which in the end, affects the economy. This is so because with a small fiscal base the economy has not been able to recover from recession fast enough. Although there have been positive growths in the employment rates these growths are barely enough. They do little to help in the dire situation. This only means that joblessness is something that the population would have learned to live with.
b) In a recession, the number of people experiencing economic hardship increases, so induced transfer payments such as unemployment benefits and welfare benefits increase. Induced taxes and induced transfer payments decrease the multiplier effect of a change in autonomous expenditure such as investments, and moderate recessions making real GDP more stable. Discretionary fiscal policy would be used in an attempt to restore full employment. The government might increase its expenditure on goods and services, cut taxes, or do some of both, increasing aggregate demand. An increase in government expenditure or a cut in taxes increases aggregate expenditure as well.
This also improves the distribution of income, a reduction in the unemployment rate with result in households yet having more spending power and yet encouraging more economic growth. An increase in employment will result in an improvement in the budget deficit as there will be a decrease in the demand for welfare benefits, thus improving the economy. The increase in the supply of goods and services (due to an increase in demand) is also expected to reduce demand pull inflation, as there is now less competition for few goods, lowering the prices to a healthy equilibrium. This can be shown in a demand and supply diagram.
Working off the last paragraph, less unemployment leads to a higher overall production of products, leading to a higher GDP. A higher GDP leads to a higher standard of living. Basically if everyone in an economy was working and being productive, the economy would start to flourish (Doc 2). But due to an increase in firings and unemployment, the cornucopia of the economy is struggling (Doc 3). The job market is suffering and business struggle to find workers (Doc 1). Workers are important to the economy, keeping it running successfully and completing the business
According to (Parkin, Powell and Matthews, 2014) Economic Growth is defined as a sustained expansion of production possibilities measured as the increase in real GDP over a period of time. Achieving economic growth depends on the government fulling one of its macroeconomic objectives between them is stable economic growth, low level of inflation, low level unemployment, and adequate level of balance of payments. UK’s economic growth fluctuates significantly year to year as mentioned by (Fyfe and Threadgould, 2013, p.1) “The trend rate of economic growth of the UK economy has been assumed for several years to be between 2.5% and 2.75% per year”. The fluctuations can be seen in Figure 1 shows detail changes in economic growth. The “Credit Crunch”, from mid-2007 to 2009 UK’s growth fell from 2.7% to -2.3% resulting in a recession. However, UK has been
Economic growth is a common term used by economists to describe in increase in production in the long run. According to Robinson (1972) economic growth is defined as increases in aggregate product, either total or per capita, without reference to changes in the structure of the economy or in the social and cultural value systems. The basic tool of measuring the economic growth includes the real GDP. It provides some quantitative measures in terms of the production volume.
Economics growth is, it the short run an increase in real GDP and in the long run an increase in the productive capacity of an economy (the maximum output that the economy can produce). GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product which is the country’s production of goods and services valued at market price in a given time period. Real GDP is when these figures are corrected for inflation using a base year (The UK uses 2003 as its base year). It can be measured in three different ways; the output measure is the value of the goods and services produced by all sectors of the economy; agriculture, manufacturing, energy, construction, the service sector and government. The
There are four main macroeconomic objectives of the government it wishes to achieve in order to maximise the welfare of the society, they are: low and stable inflation, a favourable current account position on the balance of payments, low unemployment and sustained economic growth.
However, life has changed, globalization and feminism have had a huge impact on the work environment all around the world. Technology has also made many jobs easier, yet very, very similar. Because of these changes, unemployment has become an issue all around the globe. The government views the unemployment situation as an individual problem. From the government’s perspective, unemployment is due to the lack of training of the individual. However, because
When governments look at policies to reduce unemployment, they tend to look at the short term and then the long term. In the short term, they need to ensure there is sufficient demand and economic growth in the economy to help control cyclical unemployment. This is done by adopting
Usually this goal is "macroeconomic stability" - low unemployment, low inflation, economic growth, and a balance of external payments. Monetary policy is usually administered by a Government appointed "Central Bank", the Bank of Canada and the Federal Reserve Bank
The term balance of payments refers to the accounting record of the country’s monetary transaction with the rest of the world. These transactions include the exports and imports of goods and services of the country, financial capital and financial transfers. The balance of payment record is a way to allow countries to recognize potential business partners for trade and to evaluate a country’s performance in the global economic competition. .
Economic growth refers to the rate of increase in the total production of goods and services within an economy. Economic growth increases the productivity capacity of an economy, thereby allowing more wants to be satisfied. A growing economy increases employment opportunities, stimulates business enterprise and innovation. A sustained economic growth is fundamental to any nation wishing to raise its standard of living and provide a greater well being for all. Gross domestic product (GDP) is the monetary value of all final goods and services produced over a year. It is the total value of production within the economy. The total value of production is the total value of the final goods or services less the cost of
Discuss the role of government policy in reducing unemployment and inflation. In your discussion make use of the diagrammatic representation of the macroeconomy developed in lectures in Term 2