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Major Problems For The Livestock Industry Throughout The World

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Babesia parasites are obligate intraerythrocytic protozoa capable of invading a wide range of vertebrate hosts, subsequently leading to serious economic problems for the livestock industry throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Homer et al., 2000;
Uilenberg, 2006). Bovine babesiosis is mainly caused by two species of bovine intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina. Infected animals in an acute stage have symptoms of fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and sometimes resulting in death. In contrast, those in chronic stages may become chronic carriers without clinical signs. Human and rodent babesiosis caused by Babesia microti has emerged as a life-threatening zoonosis in the world (Kjemtrup and Conrad, 2000). Although infection usually is asymptomatic, immunocompromised and elder people develop mild to moderate fever, headache, body aches, fatigue, and anorexia. Importantly, B. microti has been used as an experimental model for studying novel chemotherapy (Aboulaila et al., 2012) and host immune responses, the understanding of which is a prerequisite for developing an effective vaccine against
Babesia parasites (Yokoyama et al., 2003).
Although several attempts have been made to develop a vaccine against babesiosis, no vaccine has yet proven to be completely effective in preventing Babesia infection. Attenuated live vaccines lead to significant decreases in mortality; however, they do not prevent the infection or confer full

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