Major Trauma Case Study

There are several different assessments that can be used for victims of trauma to determine the level of stress and if a victim is suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The best results will occur if the clinical work is directed at the symptoms expressed by the resulting trauma. When assessing the treatment plan, “the psychic injury caused by the event and its impact on the survivor’s normal life patterns and his or her worldview must be accounted for” (Everstine & Everstine, 2006, p.161). A person

The interviewee is asked to identify a “target” trauma, or index trauma, to link the symptoms with, however it can also be utilized to assess symptoms of any interviewee identified trauma (V. This version of the CPSS-I-5 assesses symptoms occurring only in the past month (Foa & Chapaldi, 2012). The CPSS-I-5 differs from the CPSS-SR (or Child PTSD Symptom Scale-Self Report) in that the CPSS-I-5 is completed in an interview format where the interviewer reads the questions out loud to the client versus the CPSS-SR where the client fills it out independently. The assessment yields a total symptom severity score ranging from 0-80, and a total severity-of-impairment score ranging from 0-28 across 7 domains (Foa et. al., 2001). On both CPSS-I and CPSS-SR, receiving a score of 0-10 results in a below threshold score of PTSD symptoms, 11-15 results in a subclinical-mild score of PTSD symptoms, 16-20 results in a mild score of PTSD symptoms, 21-25 results in a moderate score of PTSD symptoms, 26-30 results in a moderately severe score of PTSD symptoms, 31-40 results in a severe score of PTSD symptoms and 41-51 results in a score of extremely severe symptoms (Foa et. al., 2001). Both the CPSS-I and CPSS-SR have displayed good to excellent reliability and validity (Gillihan et al., 2013). One-week test-rest reliability was assessed for CPSS-SR and received a reliability score of r=.86. CPSS-I scores was also excellent (r = .87) (Gillihan, Et. Al., 2013). Both the CPSS-SR and the CPSS-I demonstrated symptom based diagnostic agreement of 85.5% (Gillihan, Et. Al.,

In today 's society, it has become prevalent that the amount of individuals suffering from mental illnesses is rapidly increasing. This paper will focus on one of the disorders associated with mental illness – Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The introduction will define and describe the disorder, and the following paragraphs will discuss causes, symptoms, target populations, treatments, and theory. PTSD affects people of all ages in all walks of life. It has a debilitating effect on its victims, and studies are still being conducted to further explore its impact.

This shows the relationship between traumatic events, psychotic disorders, and the existence of PTSD in those clients (Putts, 2014, p.83). The percentage of sexual and or physical abuse among clients with more than 10 hospitalization and 11 psychotic episodes are even greater. According to Putts (2014), 40% of those clients suffered sexual abuse and 60% suffered physical assault by a relative (p.83). Putts expressed his concern with the clinicians’ lack of recognition of the relationship between trauma and psychotic disorders, and how this contributes to the lack of diagnosis of PTSD in this population (Putts, 2014, p.83).

On Wednesday, September 7, 2016 at about 1541 hours while represent at Brooklyn Special Victim Unit, located at 653 Grand Ave, Brooklyn, Sgt. Smolarsky, SVU and I interviewed Ms. Ryan-Mary Roberts. The following is a detail description of what transpired;

Within the human experience, there has always been a risk of exposure to both physical and psychological trauma. The threat of violence, personal tragedies, and economic and social catastrophes are all possible triggers for an onset of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). What was once reserved as a diagnosis for veterans has been found to affect both young and old. The development of various assessment tools have been used in diagnosing PTSD and one of the most commonly used tests is the Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale. It is an assessment that was developed and validated by Edna Foa to provide a brief but reliable self-report measure of PTSD for use in both clinical and research settings (Zalta, Gillihan, Fisher, Mintz, McLean, Yehuda, & Foa, 2014). The Post-Traumatic Diagnostic Scale is an assessment instrument deigned to be taken by adults with at least an eighth grade reading level. This review of will evaluate the hits, misses, false positive errors, and false negative errors of this instrument and how to each area is applied in interpreting the construct measurement of this assessment tool. Although the Post Traumatic diagnostic Scale has consistently ranked high with clinicians and researchers, in self-reporting the definition of trauma can potentially become subjective and compromise the reliability of the assessment tool.

trigger, the individual 's response is of such severity that it leads to clinically significant

This is a not an uncommon scenario on an acute crisis stabilization unit. One should have a high index of suspicion for trauma. Some clues that one may be dealing with posttraumatic stress disorder are 1) re-experiencing, which can manifest itself as nightmares, flashbacks, or reactivity; 2) avoidance, which can present itself as denial, refusal to answer questions, social withdrawal, and even substance abuse; and 3) hyperarousal, which can take the form of irritability, insomnia, and verbal aggression.

The group of participants included six women and two men, for a total of eight participants. Their ages ranged from 23 to 46 years, with an average age of 34.4 years for the group as a whole. All of the participants had experienced childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, or a combination of both; starting at an average age of 4.5 years and lasting for 11.6 years on average. Before any data was collected, each participant was screened for several different motivators, in both interview form and self-report measures. First, childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Maltreatment Interview Schedule. Then, a baseline of PTSD symptoms was developed through the Clinician-Administered PTSD-Scale (CAPS). To document any other mental health disorders present in each participant, each were screened with the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV. Self-report measures

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that the individual develops following a "terrifying ordeal that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm. The person who develops PTSD may have been the one who was harmed, the harm may have happened to a loved one, or the person may have witnessed a harmful event that happened to loved ones or strangers." (National Institutes of Health, 2013, p.1) Post-traumatic stress disorder first gained the attention of the public in regards to veterans of war but may result in various traumatic incidents including such as "mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as flood or earthquakes." (National Institutes of Health, 2013, p.1)

The Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire (SASRQ) and the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS), both are a self questionnaire, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders (SCID-D) and the Acute Stress Disorder Interview (ASDI), both are structured interviews. These measures have shown to have both positive and negative reviews from others due to missing the gold standard method of assessment. The commenters also criticized an ASD diagnosis not only because of the insufficient evidence, similarity between the two, and deeming it unjust, but also because they objected to the fact that ASD only played a role to predict another diagnosis and that it would deem a healthy reaction to trauma as abnormal. The SASRQ, ASDI, ASDS all showed good measures to use. SCID-D is the only measure that has shown no validity or reliable outcomes. (Harvey & Bryant,

The American Psychiatric Association first introduced acute stress disorder (ASD) as a diagnosis in the DSM-IV in an attempt to describe the acute stress reactions that preceded posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although acute stress disorder is still a fairly new diagnosis, trauma and the psychological effects of trauma have a long history of being studied. Most of the works on trauma however, focus heavily on the effects of war trauma and its relation to PTSD. A subject area that has had little attention is sexual trauma, especially sexual trauma and the development of acute stress disorder. This is particularly concerning since it has been reported that 94% of rape survivors meet the criteria for acute stress disorder shortly after their

In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association revised the criteria for diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The newest edition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes a new category, Trauma and Stress Related Disorders (Pomeroy, 2015). Psychological conditions under this category comprise of disorders that result from exposure to trauma or external stressor(s). Stress related disorders such as, PTSD are often associated with a number of inclusive, debilitating symptoms (Pomeroy, 2015). The symptoms following are described as having anxiety or fear-based characteristics that include a prominence of anger, aggression, and dissociative symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). According to Pomeroy (2015), there are many assessment tools for clinicians to choose from depending on the clinical goal, but for treatment purposes it is advised to choose an assessment tool with “greater sensitivity to change, such as a semi structured interview tool” (p. 183). The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is an instrument widely used to diagnosis and evaluate

The investigators did assessments on the participants to evaluate signs and symptoms of PTSD through a battery of tests administered by trained professionals. The tests used to evaluate the participants at one and six months post illness was the Acute Stress Disorder Scale (ASDS), The Crisis Support Scale (CSS) the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), The Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ), and The Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC). The investigators report good reliability and validity in regards to the HTQ and SOC, however they do not address validity and reliability with the other

The term trauma has been in existence for centuries and is recognized by the American Psychological Association (Health) and has been associated with an emotional response to a sudden, unexpected event which falls outside of their everyday experience (Parson Phd). The definition of trauma covers a wide spectrum, from powerful one-time incidents such as natural disasters, transportation accidents, fire related incidents, active shooter incidents, terrorism, rape, auto accidents, the breakup of a short or long term relationship, being diagnosed with a life-threatening, altering illness or disabling condition, the death of a loved one which is something that can be seen (Giller). On the side of chronic or repetitive experiences they include child abuse, multiple deployments in long term wars, domestic violence, drug & alcohol addiction, bullying. Each affects individuals differently on the psychosocial, psychological and physical levels but when the word trauma is mentioned in either the public setting or medical community, it is predominately associated with something that can be physically seen to be identified with.