Malari A Common Life Threatening Diseases

This mode of transmission, like malaria, can leave the host deadly sick. Its a cycle, with the parasite in the host, a mosquito will carry the blood with the parasite and inject it into a different host.

Brian, G, Y., Greenwood, D, A., Fidock, Dennis, E, K., Stefan, H, I. Kappe, P., Alonso, L., Frank, H and Collins, P (2008) “Malaria progress and prospects for eradication.” Journal Clinical Investiment. 118: 1266-1276.

While the most common way malaria is transmitted is from mosquitoes to humans, there are other ways of catching the disease. One way is from mother to her unborn child. When a disease is contracted this way it is said to have been transmitted congenitally. Another way is during blood transfusions. This is why it is important to be tested for diseases such as malaria before you give blood.

Her infection began when she was bitten by a mosquito which was seeking her protein-rich blood to nourish its eggs. As part of the process of sucking the droplet of blood from the girl, the mosquito, simultaneously injected saliva to ease the flow of blood into its proboscis. Malaria-causing pathogens gathered in the mosquito’s salivary glands and traveled into the girl’s body. Once in the body, the wormlike parasites moved to the girl’s liver to embed themselves allowing them to feed and multiply. By the time a week had passed, each parasite had consumed an entire liver cell and had replicated upwards of 40,000 times. A short time later the infected cells had exploded and the parasites had reentered her bloodstream. Now showing symptoms

After the infecting agent gets into the human’s bloodstream they invade the liver within an hour; the parasite then takes about 15 days to mature(Collins, Jeffery, E.). The infecting agent divides and forms plasmodium merozoites which are then released into the bloodstream and infect red blood cells(“Plasmodium”). The plasmodium is an oval-shaped cell, measured at about .00006 inches long and .00004 inches wide. Plasmodium has a pellicular cisterna which makes up the golgi apparatus. The apparatus receives materials and sends them to other parts of the cell. The plasma membrane forms the external boundary and the merozoite coat acts like the cell membrane which lets things in and out of the cell. It has an apicoplast that allows the parasite to invade host cells, and microtubules that work with the inner membrane to give bulkiness to the cell. The micronemes help the cell invade the host, and the polar rings, apical end, rhoptries and dense granules all help it invade the cell. Plasmodium also has some things in common with animal or human cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, and a mitochondria(“Structure of Plasmodium

Step two, the protozoan’s that are exposed to the open wound are then engulfed by macrophages. Step three, the promastigotes flagellate stage transfers into a tissue stage known as, amastigotes. Amastigotes are distinguished as a developed protozoan because it has no visible external flagella or cilia. Step four, the amastigotes then multiply by cell division and continue to infect other cells. Step five, another bite from another sand fly occurs, now this sand fly injects macrophages infected with amastigotes. Step six, is the step of ingestion of the parasitized cell. Step seven, amastigotes transform to promastigotes stage in mid gut, meaning they increase in size and develop a long flagella to swim and infect throughout the human body. Step eight, is the division of mid gut to proboscis, in other words the transformation of a protozoan to a sucking organ of insects inside the body (CDC 2014).

In the beginning of the disease, the pregnant female undergrounds into the dead which is the outer layer of the human's skin and then drop the eggs in the shallow holes and then the eggs starts growing up into larvae in starting three to ten days of the disease. After the development of the eggs these children mites starts moving on the human's skin and make the next step of

Only female Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit the disease, and they must also have been infected through a previous blood-meal taken from a malaria infected person. If

These parasite infect their host and feed on them until they weaken and die. As parasites tend to

The fertilization occasion produces a zygote which sooner or later develops into an ookinete (Gilles et. al., 1993).The zygote and ookinete are the best diploid tiers of P. falciparum. The diploid ookinete is an invasive form of P. falciparum within the mosquito. It traverses the peritrophic membrane of the mosquito midgut and crosses the midgut epithelium (Gilles et. al., 1993). Once through the epithelium, the ookinete enters the basil lamina, and bureaucracy an oocyst. At some stage in the ookinete stage, genetic recombination can occur. This takes vicinity if the ookinete become formed from male and female gametes derived from special populations. This could occur if the human host contained multiple populations of the parasite, or if the mosquito consumed multiple inflamed people within a quick time-frame (Bruce Chwatt, 1985). Over the length of one-three weeks, the oocyst grows to a length of tens to masses of micrometres. at some point of this time, more than one nuclear divisions arise. After maturation, it divides to form multiple haploid sporozoites in a method called sporogony. Immature sporozoites damage through the oocyst wall into the haemolymph, then migrate to the salivary glands and whole their differentiation. Once mature, the sporozoites can continue to infect a human host throughout a subsequent mosquito chunk (Gilles et. al.,

Toxoplasmosis undergoes Sexual Reproduction. This method happens in the gut of the host and produces small spores. These spores form cysts and they can remain dormant in the tissues for long periods of time until eaten by a

While the mosquito is feeding, the parasite is injected with the saliva of the mosquito. “The parasite first undergoes a round of merogony in the liver followed by multiple rounds of merogony in the erythrocytes” (CDC, 2015). Which means that an asexual process has begun that will increase the number of infected cells by multiple cell divisions. The life cycle will contain other parasites that are characterized by sexual replication and also the formation of the invasive stages. (Wiser, 2011) The cycle begins with the liver Stage. The human infection begins when the

C. parvum has a complex life cycle, it has includes trophozoite, sexual, asexual, oocyst stages. To start the life cycle of this microorganism the sporulated oocysts is excreted in feces by an infected human or animal. It is usually transmitted by contact through a contaminated water source. The oocyst is then ingested. Excystation occurs and the sporozoites are released from the oocyst. It then attaches itself to the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Within the cells the parasite goes through asexual multiplication producing a merozoite. Then merozoite goes through sexual multiplication producing Macrogamonts (male) and Microgametes (female). Fertilization occurs and oocysts develop that sporulate in the infected host. There are two types of oocysts that are produced, thin-walled oocysts and thick-walled oocysts. The thin-walled oocysts are

While in the Leishmanial stage in the host it uses the white blood cells to hide its self. At the site of infection The While blood cells eat the parasite, trying to clean the host. While inside the white blood cells cell body, the Leishmania releases a chemical that tells the hosts other immune defenses that everything at the site of infection is under control. This chemical extends the life of the white blood cell from 6-8 hours to 2-3 days in order to wait for the macrophages to arrive which could take up to 3 days. Macrophages are known as the wondering cell, meaning it can go different places in the body. This is how the parasite can move while in the Leishmanial form. The life expectancy of the macrophages is much longer of the white blood cells giving the parasite time to reproduce. Once at the site of infection the macrophages eat the white blood cells that have the parasite inside thinking that they are dying and need a place to be destroyed and be recycled. After the macrophage eats the parasite unknowingly, the parasite starts to reproduce and once the cell is full it will burst releasing the parasite in to the body looking to start this process again (“Lesihmania ” n.db).

Dengue virus infection is one of the common health problems of the people in tropical and subtropical geographic countries. A viral diseases known to cause dengue fever to severe hemorrhagic fever that is transmitted by an infective female mosquito, genus Aedes but there are other species known that capable of carrying the dengue virus, the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, and Aedes polynesiensis. However, the Aedes aegypti is the most common mosquito that spread the virus. There are two modes of transmission of the virus, the horizontal transmission which is transmitted by human to the mosquito where the mosquito takes a blood meal from infected human host. The vertical or transovarial transmission where infected female mosquito transmitted the virus to the uninfected human host by taking a blood meal (1). The life cycle is a basic mosquito to human transmission. Here, the mosquito ingested the virus when taking blood meal of the infected host and passes through salivary gland and resided at the intestinal tract. After the incubation period of approximately 10 days, the mosquito releases the virus through injecting to the uninfected host by taking a blood meal (2).