INTRODUCTION
Maxwell’s Equations are a set of four mathematical equations that provides the foundation to the largely abstract concepts of electricity and magnetism. They are a mathematical condensation of all the basic rules, by which electricity and magnetism function. Refer to Figure 1 for the equations.
Although James Clerk Maxwell himself only contributed to the last equation, his contribution led to one of the most important discoveries in the history of science. However, it wasn’t until 25 years later that these equations were interpreted and used rightly by the rest of the world. On the right is an image of Maxwell.
Maxwell’s work as quoted by Einstein:
‘The formulation of Maxwell's equations is the most important event in physics since Newton's time, not only because of their wealth of content, but also because they form a pattern for a new type of law …
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The equation is actually incomplete, and valid only for a long straight wire. An example to prove that it’s incomplete is given below.
Suppose a pot is taken and the exterior surface is considered the enclosed surface mentioned in the law, and the circumference of the bottom is considered to be the closed curve. When the equation uses the term ‘i’, it actually means the current enclosed within the path, piercing through the surface.
If the pot were shaped in such a way that the wire carrying current ended inside the pot after piercing through and coming out, current enclosed would be 0. This either means that dl and the magnetic field are always perpendicular (cosine 90 = 0), or that the magnetic field itself is 0. Both are impossible and there lies the contradiction.
MAXWELL’S CORRECTION
Maxwell corrected the equation by adding another term to it. Considering the above example, there is a change in electric field as the current pierces through one surface of the pot and goes out through the other. This field can be expresses
Herman Ludwig Ferdinand Von Helmholtz (1821-1894) was German physicist who helped establish the law of the
The general and widespread acceptance of Sir Isaac Newton’s models and laws may often be taken for granted, but this has not always been so. Throughout history, scientists and philosophers have built on each other’s theories to create improved and often revolutionary models. Although Newton was neither the first nor the last to bring major innovations to society, he was one of the most notable ones; many of his contributions are still in use today. With the formulation of his laws of motion, Sir Isaac Newton contributed to the downfall of Aristotelianism and provided a universal quantitative system for approximating and explaining a wide range of phenomena of space and the physics of motion, revolutionizing the study and understanding
Thomas Edison was one of the greatest inventors of all time. He changed the lives of everyone around him and helped shape our world today. In this paper you are going to read about his life and how he changed the world.
Einstein has brought many insights of life including the theory of the speed of light, which has led to the special theory of relativity that molded the way science, is today. “For example, various experiments, including the Michelson-Morley experiment, failed to measure the expected changes in the speed of light relative to the motion of the Earth. Due to this Einstein recognized that light has a measured speed that is independent of the speed of the observer” (“Albert Einstein.” 4). “Einstein showed in 1907 that mass is related to energy by the famous equation E=mc^2, which indicates the enormous amount of energy that is stored as mass, some of which is released in radioactivity and nuclear radiations, for example in the sun” (4).This enabled Einstein to be able to start and finish the general theory of relativity.
Lenz’s Law: “An induced EMF always gives rise to a current that creates a magnetic field that opposes the original change in flux ”1
If it wasn’t constant then the time, intervals wouldn’t be equal. If the current is larger, there will be more electrons flowing around the circuit and more copper will be deposited.
Furthermore, his discovery was important because it's been the three laws of motion which also formed the basis of modern physic. The discovery, he made also led to a more powerful way to solving mathematics.
At the age of 16, William Higginbotham enrolled in a high school physics class. He then earned an undergraduate degree from Williams College in 1932, and continued his studies at Cornell University. He obtained a bachelor’s degree in 1932. Once he finished his studies, the scientist continued to pursue his career. This man loved physics, and he knew he would make physics his career at the young age of 16. This man was devoted to his
Leonard DeGraaf, an archivist at Thomas Edison National Historical Park, “though the light bulb, the phonograph and moving pictures are touted as Edison's most important inventions, other people were already working on similar technologies”. In other words, Edison being the person to invent what he did is not ultimately crucial to scientific history. As I’ve already explained, Tesla’s ideas were far more original and crucial. Edison, having been Tesla’s former boss, even discounted Tesla’s ideas for an AC system when he heard them. Tesla had to fight harder than any inventor, including but not limited to Edison, in order to make his ideas known. Skeptics of Tesla’s also like to argue that his influence is negated by Edison’s because Edison is more well known. However, there is a major flaw in this argument; a lack of visibility does not equate to a lack of impact. Also, Tesla’s electric incandescent lamp actually served as a basis for Edison’s most famous invention of the light bulb. Tesla’s interaction with Edison facilitated his success, demonstrating just one instance of how Tesla’s innovation inspired other scientists and inventors.
The lightning protection angle equation must be easily analyzed to finding results. However, the equation of Hasse & Wiesinger and Equal Surface area (A1 = A2) technique is long term equation and computational complexity. Essentially, the result of Hasse & Wiesinger equation is shown in radian unit which must be converted to degrees
Franklin realized that if a piece of silk were rubbed against a glass, the glass would have a positive charge. Other scientists at that time believed that rubbing produced electricity, however Franklin said that it was just the "electric fluid" being transferred from the silk to the glass. This is known today as the law of conservation of change and it is one of the basic principles of physics.
Albert Einstein: Theory of Special Relativity Throughout the book, The Five Equations That Changed The World written by Michael Guillen, I was able to learn a lot of new information about physicists that I have never heard before. Although all of them were very interesting and impressive, one of them impressed me the most: Albert Einstein. Growing up, I always heard how Einstein was a genius or the smartest person ever, but honestly I never really knew anything about him until now. Upon reading the chapter about Albert Einstein, I grew very intrigued.
Originally electricity and magnetism were thought of as two separate forces. This view changed, however, with the publication of James Clerk Maxwell's 1873Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in which the interactions of positive and negative charges were shown to be regulated by one force. There are four main effects resulting from these interactions, all of which have been clearly demonstrated by experiments:
Alan Francis Chalmers is an associate professor who works extensive in the history and philosophy of science (physical). Alan Chalmers has taught at the University of Sydney since 1971, first in the School of Philosophy, and from 1987 at the Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science. He attained a B.Sc. in physics at the University of Bristol, and his M.Sc. in physics from the University of Manchester. His Ph.D. on the electromagnetic theory of J.C. Maxwell was granted by the University of London. He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Humanities in 1997. He has been a Visiting Scholar at the Flinders Philosophy Department since 1999.
The third paper was on electrodynamics of moving bodies. It became known as the theory of relativity. It explains how matter and radiation interact with one another. With these well thought out papers Albert Einstein had solved the unanswered problems of the world. He wanted to learn more and began to try and answer the questions of the universe. In 1939 Einstein connected with other scientists and wrote a letter to the president, Franklin D.