Humans face variety of diseases which they lead to deaths annually. Some of them caused by microorganism such as bacteria and viruses. Viral illnesses, caused by viruses, spread directly by replicate inside the host body such as Chicken Pox, Roseola and Measles. For example, Measles, is a pathogenic disease which caused by paramyxoviruses. Measles mostly infects children who do not have a good nutrition, and it spreads through air by sneezing and coughing. (1)(2) In order to understand the measles disease in a better way, the discussion will be in its history, symptoms and treatment. Measles has existed since the seventh century A.D, and it was considered as a fatal disease that any child can suffer from. Then, in tenth century A.D, the measles described for the first time by Muhammad bin Zakariya ar-Razi. After that , the measles' history changed. In 1936 the scientists discovered a new vaccine against measles. Before a vaccine, measles had a bad effect on the population in a specific period of their lives, almost 50% of the population whose age …show more content…
one vaccine when they newborn child, and the other when they between five to nineteen years. As a result, the children have perfect protection from the measles. On the other hand, if anyone does not take vaccines to prevent the disease, and he exposed the virus, no specific medicine is able to kill the virus. However, some precautions are able to relieve the signs and symptoms of the disease, and decrease the serious complications which they lead to death such as Bronchitis, Encephalitis and Pneumonia. For example, the child who non immunized and exposed the virus, should take a vaccine such as MMR and MMRV during 72 hours. Moreover, the child should take fever reducers, antibiotics which reduce the complications and vitamin A. All these precautions can reduce the risk, but they cannot eliminate the
Measles is an acute infectious disease occurring mostly in children, characterized by catarrhal and febrile symptoms and an eruption of small red spots; rubella. (Measles, dictionary) In the United States, Measles vaccine is given in early childhood. It is recommended that a child receives two doses of the vaccine before the age of 6 years old. First dose is usually given between the ages of 12 months and 15 months of age in the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. The second dose is usually given between the ages of 4 years and 6 years old. (Measles, CDC)
Facts and figures available to study the epidemiological data for the outbreak of measles include gathering suspected and confirmed cases of this disease from the World Health Organization. This is done by gathering serum samples from all suspected cases to determine if a measles specific immunoglobulin antibody is detected. This particular disease lives in the nose and throat of the infected individual and is considered contagious for a period of four days before the rash appears and for a further four days after the sighting of the rash.
In early April 2013 a measles outbreak was discovered in North Carolina. By mid-May the outbreak had been identified in Stokes and Orange Counties via 23 active cases. Every case was linked back to a family that had spent 3 months in India and had not been vaccinated. By the 16th of April the state laboratory of Public Health was able to confirm the diagnosis, with the last known case being confirmed on May 7th. The investigation of this outbreak revealed 4 patients with a confirmed diagnosis that had received one of vaccination of the two part series. The other 19 cases had not ever been vaccinated.
Measles is virus with a single-stranded RNA and two membranes: a fusion protein that infuses into the host cell membrane and the hemagglutinin protein that absorbs the virus into the cells. The primary site for invasion is in the epithelium of the nares. Measles is highly contagious and very infectious because it is easily transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can stay in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours and infect many people who inhale the infectious agent or touch a surface, then be introduced to a new host through touch to
Measles was discovered in the 19th century by a Persian Doctor, but was not recognized until 1957 as an infectious agent in human blood by a Scottish physician. In 1912 measles became a notifiable disease and in the first decade that records were kept there was on average 6,000 deaths per year reported from the disease. (Center For Disease Control). There is no definite origination of measles but scientists believe that it dates back to the Roman Empire about the 11th and 12th century (NCBI, 2010). The first outbreak known in America was in 1657 in Boston,
According to the Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases textbook aka “The Pink Book” (2015) which was produced jointly by the Communication and Education Branch, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles is a paramyxovirus with the primary site of infection in the nasopharynx. It has an incubation period of 10-12 days. The first symptoms to occur are fevers (increasing stepwise 103-105 degrees), cough, runny nose and conjunctivitis approximately 2-3 days after exposure and last 2-4 days. The second part of the infection occurs approximately 14 days after exposure; which is evidence by Koplik spots on the oral mucosa. Then, 1-2 days later, a maculopapular rash develops along the hair line, face,
The global use of vaccines has been very successful in reducing the incidence of infectious diseases and their associated complications. For centuries, infectious diseases were the most common cause of disability and death in the world. Until the 19th century, it was not known what caused these diseases and why some people became seriously ill with an infection while others were less affected.
One of the initial steps in finding a cure for measles was naming and withdraws of the germ that caused the disease. You know when you have the flu, chickenpox and pneumonia; those cause bacteria and virus. However, in 1920 people were sick and had the flu they didn’t know it was the influenza virus so they called it the Spanish flu. In 1920 Herbert McLean Evans discovered Vitamin E, Elmer V. McCollum discovered vitamin D, vitamins A, B, C, K, and various subtypes of each were also discovered during the 1920s. During 1920, measles was a common childhood illness.
The most effective way to protect a person against many diseases, such as measles, pertussis, polio, and chickenpox, is to get vaccinated. Doctors and scientists all over the world highly recommend vaccines and, being that they have spent years studying health, their recommendations stand reliable. Omer Saad, a professor and researcher who has been involved in many projects on vaccinations in foreign countries, believes that “vaccines are among the most effective tools available for preventing infectious diseases” (1). The implementation of this technology has brought huge decreases in disease rates. Correspondingly, The University of Pittsburgh has conducted research on infectious disease statistics since 1888 and found that over 103 million cases of life threatening diseases have been prevented since 1924 (Welch 2). The Journal of the American Medical Association also found dramatic drops in infections and deaths associated with chickenpox, polio, and diphtheria and attributes these decreases to vaccine technology (Welch 2).
From the birth to the age of eighteen children receive approximately thirty immunizations not counting the annual flu shot starting after six months of age. These vaccines protect against sixteen diseases that can be fatal to not only babies, but to adults as well. The diseases that can be vaccinated against are varicella also known as chicken pox, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, haemophilus influezae type B, Hepatitis A and B, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, meningococcal meningitis, pneumococcal pneumonia, polio, and roto virus. Some of the many symptoms of these diseases are fever, diarrhea, muscle aches, nausea and vomiting, headaches, and breathing difficulties. Vaccines prevent the spread of these deadly diseases and should be given to all children that can receive them. There are many doubts about the effectiveness and adverse reactions to the immunizations, but in my opinion the benefits out-weight the risks.
In December of 2014, an outbreak of measles, which started in Disneyland, resulted in nearly two hundred people being sickened across the United States, Mexico, and Canada. The highly contagious respiratory disease spread for three months. Among those who contracted the illness, one developed severe pneumonia and multiple organ injury, while another suffered acute respiratory distress syndrome. So, why did an illness, which was purportedly eliminated sixteen years ago, experience a surge so dramatic that it caused more cases in 2014 than in the five preceding years combined? According to the CDC, the outbreak could be boiled down to one simple reason: “The majority of people were unvaccinated.” So while the California measles outbreak is a thing of the past, the fight to increase compliance with vaccinations continues. Although the benefits and safety of vaccinations are undisputed by the medical and scientific community, there are still sizeable groups of “anti-vaxxers” who refuse to vaccinate their children. These groups spread misconceptions, sometimes unknowingly, and become even more influential when coupled with the power of the internet and social media. Therefore, in order to increase compliance with routine vaccinations, the misconceptions of parents should be targeted, and legislation should be changed in order to prevent leniency and loopholes regarding vaccine exemptions.
Let 's say your child is sick and you do not understand why. The symptoms your child is showing are similar to that of the flu. You took your child to the hospital to find out that your child has the measles, a disease that is usually avoided with a vaccination. At the time you did not believe that your child needed to be vaccinated, but now that your child has contracted something that was preventable you regret your decision. The Measles vaccination has been in America since 1965 stated by the American Journal of Public Health. (Hendriks, Blume, 2013) Measles start off with flu like symptoms and it usually takes a few days for the physical part of the measles to appear. It does however disappear within two or three weeks after all the symptoms appear, but the possibility of having pneumonia or brain inflammation is high.
In the 10th century, a Persian doctor published the first written record measles. In his record, he states the differences between smallpox and measles. (Wikipedia, 2016) His work on Measles was one of the first scientific treatments of infectious diseases and bases for future research. Modern scientists suggested that measles might have come from animals (specifically cows), as the virus was highly similar to Rinderpest, which infected cattle. Measles virus has evolved in an environment where cattle and humans lived in close proximity. (Loving, 2016) It has now been proven that humans are the natural hosts of the virus and no animal carriers are known to exist. Before a vaccine became available in 1963, the measles virus infected nearly all children by the time they were 15 years of age (Pearce, 2015)Enders created the vaccine of the virus in 1963, and the Measles virus infects approximately 30 million people annually, with a death of 197,000, which occurs in third world countries. After the vaccine was invented, the number of measles cases was 80% less compared to the pre-vaccine era. Researchers are conducting research to find oral antiviral drugs to treat people exposed to the measles virus and
Audience hook: In 2014, the U.S experienced a record number of cases of measles, mostly from the Philippines. Most were unvaccinated and most were from international travel.
Measles is caused by a virus known as Paramyxovirus which is highly contagious. About 85% of people that are exposed to the virus are infected by it and about 95% of those people infected by the virus will develop an illness called measles(Carson-DeWitt