Moisturisers and UV Protection
Essay 2
Raquel Ferreira
6/26/2015
3144 Words
Contents
1. Introduction 3
2. Skin and Ultraviolet Light 4
3. UVA and UVB protection 7
3.1. Types of ageing 7
3.2. Ultraviolet radiation and exposure 8
4. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) 11
5. Suncare Formulation 15
5.1. Method of Manufacturing 16
6. Suncare Ingredients 17
6.1 Day Cream Formulation SPF30 19
7. Stability and Performance Tests 21
7.1. Moisturisation 21
7.2. SPF Measurement 22
7.2.1 SPF in Vivo 22
7.2.2. SPF in vitro 25
8. Conclusion 28
9. References 29
1. Introduction
There have been significant changes in moisturisers over recent years and ones that have SPF claims are proving to be very popular (figure 1) due to the great increase of skin cancers cases that have been observed worldwide in fair-skinned populations since the early 1970s. This is strongly linked with personal behaviour in regards to sun exposure and its ultraviolet (UV) component, and also to do with society’s views that tanning is attractive and healthy (1).
When sunlight goes through the atmosphere, all UVC and approximately 90% of UVB radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer, water vapour, carbon dioxide and oxygen. UVA radiation is less affected by the atmosphere; consequently, the UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface is mainly composed of UVA and a small UVB (2).
This essay will look into why sun protection is required and the ingredients effective for that purpose with a formulation
Many people think that is it possible to achieve a “healthy tan,” but this thought has been proven wrong. Overexpose to UV-A and UV-B rays from the sun lead to premature aging of the skin, as well as the possible formation of skin cancer, know as melanoma. An appearance of a tan is actually a stage of burning and damage to the skin. Although a tan may be desirable to many, the fact remains that more people need to be educated on the dangers of the sun’s harmful rays, and the possible health complications of overexposure.
According to Allen, “The sun radiates energy in a wide range of wavelengths, most of which are invisible to human eyes. The shorter the wavelength, the more energetic the radiation, and the greater the potential for harm. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface is in wavelengths between 290 and 400 nm (nanometers, or billionths of a meter). This is shorter than wavelengths of visible light, which are 400 to 700 nm.” When these UV rays hit your skin, they can directly damage your DNA, cause a painful burn, and premature the aging of the skin, which are caused by UVA. The UV rays that we are exposed to are UVA and UVB rays. (Sottery) UVA is a long, flowy line and UVB is a tighter, patterned line. UVA rays contribute to melanoma, deeply passes through skin, affects skin at any time of day, passes through clouds and glass, and is responsible for about 95% of UV radiation that reaches earth. UVB can burn skin, passes the skin’s outer layer only, affects skin most intensely during summer, causes near-immediate effects, can partially penetrate clouds but not glass, can contribute to skin cancer, and accounts for about 5% of the sun’s energy that reaches earth.
Over the last several years, the total number of skin cancer (melanoma) cases in Australia has been rising dramatically. Evidence of this can be seen with statistics provided by the Cancer Council of Australia. They determined that melanoma is most common form of cancer for individuals between the ages of 15 and 44 years of age. To make matters worse over 1 million people are screened for this disease every single year. This is illustrating how some kind of increased protection is required to protect consumers against the sun's ultra violet rays. ("Skin Cancer Facts and Figures," 2012)
Many teens today use tanning beds, but aren’t aware of how dangerous they really are. Tanning, especially indoor tanning has been linked to Melanoma and other types of skin cancers. A review of scientific evidence estimated that 400,000 cases of skin cancer in the United States is because of tanning bed and 6,000 cases of Melanoma. An increased rate of Melanoma was found in women under the age of 40, which rose a third since the early 1990’s. As time has
A familiar saying often used in reference to physical beauty says, “No pain, no gain.” However, in the case of tanning, “gain” translates to a risk of skin cancer, particularly melanoma. Across the United States, women and girls risk the possibility of skin cancer and other negative effects in exchange for bronzed or tan skin through the use of tanning beds and ultraviolet light (UV). There is not only a lack of scientific knowledge shared among Americans regarding the effects of UV on your skin, but also a cultural disconnect between the long term effects of tanning and the desire for a tan skin tone. When weighing the permanent impact tanning can have on your health and the health of you skin versus its temporary effects for a perception
Studies have shown that tanning beds can improve one’s vitamin D production, clear their acne, and alleviate eczema and psoriasis (Danish, 2016). GassrootsHealth, a public health promotion organization contends that, “Ninety-nine percent of dermatologists believe UV exposure is a viable form of treatment for non-lethal skin conditions like psoriasis” (GassrootsHealth, 2015). In other words, almost one hundred percent of doctors who specialize in skin care recommend tanning beds for treatment of certain skin conditions. As a manager of a tanning salon for four years and a certified operator, I have increased knowledge of the regulation and exposure of tanning beds. There are several benefits of indoor tanning; therefore tanning beds are not
Surprisingly, the sun-kissed tanned skin is what most younger whiter complexions are eagerly trying to desire; despite the risk of artificial tanning that could cause to a person’s health, but the rate of people using a tanning salon is still rising. In America, there are 30 million white females from ages 16 to 29 years old that are fascinated in indoor tanning (Becirevic, Amel et al, 2017). As the rate of tanning bed users rises the melanoma incident has also increased. Melanoma risk is associated with artificial tanning for a very long period of exposure to the ultraviolet radiation which skin problem can occur later in life. People used artificial tanning as it gives very quick result for a brief period and the fewest number of sessions
Whether swimming at the beach, picnicking at a park, or snowboarding in the mountains, our skin is continuously exposed to the sun’s ultraviolet rays as we go about our daily lives. The skin is beneficial as it protects our body from the outside elements including keeping out wind and water, dirt and dust, and all types of germs (Claybourne; 56). The topic of my experiment is to determine which SPF strength of sunscreen - SPF 30, SPF 50 or SPF 70 - is the most effective in blocking out the sun’s UV radiation. The purpose of this investigation is to observe, compare and determine whether the SPF label on sunscreen bottles are really effective in blocking out the amount of the sun’s UV rays, or if it is just a marketing gimmick to sell more products. This investigation benefits society because knowing which strength of SPF is the most effective in protecting against UV rays is useful to know when shopping for sunscreen, especially for those who spend a lot of time outdoors.
Several findings are made based on the results: UV radiation can cause cell death by inducing genetic mutation, which agree with Diepegen et al. (2012)’s finding regarding UV radiation’s destructive effect at a cellular level. Photoprotective agents can effectively prevent and reduce UV radiation induced damage to cells. Similar findings were made by Quatrano and Dinulos (2013), who indicated that sunscreen contains active ingredient that absorbs UV radiation ranging between 290-400 nm. This experiment proves that photoprotective agents with higher SPF values are more effective in absorbing UV radiation. Indicated by Green et al. (2011), they suggested that regular application of high SPF sunscreen will prevent melanoma.
Skin cancer is a very real and common health problem for Australians, with 2 in 3 developing this deadly disease by the age of 70 (Lynch, 2006). “Due to the Australian climate and lifestyle, as well as a predominantly fair skinned population, skin cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in Australia,” (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2000). For the most effective prevention against skin cancer, it is recommended that a combination of sun safety measures are met; slip, slop, slap, seek, slide (Slip on sun protective clothing, slop on water resistant SPF30+ sunscreen, slap on a hat, seek shade, slide on sunglasses), (Preventing Skin Cancer, 2017). By simply reducing recreational sun exposure, the risk of developing melanoma –
According to Sherrif Ibrahim and Marc Brown, in Tanning and Cutaneous Malignancy, sun exposure, at the end of the 19th century, was considered a skin protectant to cancer. Ibrahim and Brown state that before the Industrial Revolution tan skin was a sign that someone was low class because he or she worked outdoors, while “porcelain” skin was associated with high society. After the Industrial Revolution, this idea switched and those who were tan we associated with being wealthy and happy since those who were tan had enough time to lounge around outdoors. Since then, the search for a perfect tan has increased and the first indoor tanning facility opened in 1978 in America (Ibrahim &
Did you know that over 5.4 million people in the U.S. each year have a case of nonmelanoma skin cancer every year and there are new cases of skin cancer. People that use tanning beds are at a higher risk of skin cancer. Also for the people that use SPF 15 or higher have a twenty four percent chance of having skin aging. People that are beginners at tanning don’t know how long to expose their body to the sun and don’t know what happens to them when they sunburn from overexposure or using tanning beds. When using a tanning bed there is a higher risk of skin cancer than tanning out in the sun, but when tanning in the sun people don’t know what happens to their skin when it sunburns like premature skin aging, sun spots, and wrinkles.
In the United States, more cases of skin cancer have been diagnosed than any other type. It is estimated that about 2 million of these cases arise every year, and can be prevented significantly from utilizing sun protection.
(0-20 KM) Stratosphere: The ozone layer protects us from UV. radiation (20-50
For baby boomer generation which is experiencing life changes brought by aging, they have shown increasing interests in cosmetics and toiletries, not only to enhance their appearance but also for other reasons. A simple example is that they use foundation with treatment ingredients to protect their skin against harmful UV rays, and to help a variety of skin problems.