Moratorium Research Paper

Iconic Cape Cod Massachusetts is named after the Atlantic Cod. For centuries, this fish has provided food and trade for New Englanders. In this time, there have been several instances of overfishing by humans from the aboriginal era to colonial times but none so drastic as the present conditions of cod fisheries (Jackson, Kirby, Berger, and Bjorndal, 2001). Overfishing is a human induced occurrence where humans are fishing more than a body of water can sustain. In other words, humans are catching more adult fish preventing the existing population from growing to replenish the fish that were caught (Overfishing: A Global Disaster, n.d.). Worldwide, over 80% of the fish stocks are “fully- to over-exploited, depleted, or in a state of collapse” (Overfishing: A Global Disaster, n.d.). The results of this careless behavior has reduced the biodiversity in the Gulf of Maine and landed the Atlantic Cod on the endangered species list as being “vulnerable” (Cod, n.d.). In the neighboring region of Newfoundland, Canada, communities are already feeling the effects of overfishing. In 1992, at the beginning of the fishing season in the Grand Bank region, there were suddenly no more cod. The local economies collapsed and to this day, the region has not quite recovered (Brennan and Withgott, 2005).

Many people look forward to their March Break. However, March break can be boring if you sit in the house the whole time. The good news is that there are many things that you can do in order to keep yourself occupied during March break. Below is a list of things that you can do during March break:

Freedom Summer was a nonviolent effort by civil rights activists to integrate Mississippi's segregated political system during 1964. It raised the consciousness of millions of people to the troubles of African-Americans and the need for change. Americans all around the country were shocked by the killing of civil rights workers and the brutality they witnessed on their televisions. For nearly a century, segregation had prevented most African-Americans in Mississippi from voting or holding public office. Segregated housing, schools, workplaces, and public accommodations denied black Mississippians access to political or economic power.

Factors on the collapse of the West Coast fishery•Overfishing•Changes in the Environment/Global Warming•Different agreements/lack of treatiesOverfishingIn the 90's there was an 800,000 tonnes catch per year for salmon. Instead of being over 100 major fish processing plants in British Colombia, there's fewer than 10.Changes in the Environment/Global WarmingThe Pacific Ocean is increasing in temperature due to Global Warming, which there's a possibility of threatening the salmon's habitat. The preferable temperature for salmon is below 7 degrees, so if the water temperatures keep rising, the salmon will move towards the Bering sea because its cooler. Instead of the spawning occurring in British Colombia, it will be in

1. Intermediate Sanctions are "The use of split sentencing, shock probation or parole, shock incarceration, community service, intensive supervision, or home confinement in lieu of other, more traditional sanctions such as imprisonment and fines" (Schmalleger 397). They are also sometimes termed alternative sentencing strategies. According to Michael J. Russell, who is a former director of the National Institute of Justice, "Intermediate punishments are intended to provide prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials with sentencing options that permit them to apply appropriate punishments to convicted offenders while not being constrained by the traditional choice between prison and probation..." (Schmalleger 397). While intermediate sanctions

There is an overabundance of seals, by the government setting a quota and people following that they ensure that there will still be a thriving population of seals. (FAQS: The Atlantic seal hunt, 2009). The benefits for Newfoundlanders from the seal hunt are unconceivable; it helps our province become economically stable and our unemployment rates go down. Most importantly with the population control of seal, it would hopefully one day lead to the day where the moratorium is lifted.

Intermediate sanctions are a relatively new way of dealing with non-violent and first offenders. The American Jail Association “believes that intermediate sanctions-not prison-should be the backbone of the corrections systems” because it has drastically helped the overcrowding of jails and prisons (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015, p. 128). Intermediate sanctions have a variation of ways to deal with offenders depending on the severity of their crime or crimes. The first and probably the most dynamic intermediate sanction intensive supervision probation.

The purpose of Intermediate Sanctions (“IS”) is to enforce a higher degree of tangible punishment. Intermediate sanctions are a type of punishment utilized in our criminal justice system, which is an alternate sentencing for criminals. With the IS, it’s the median of punishment between probation and jail time. Furthermore, IS helps to ease the overcrowding and cost associated with incarceration. IS has a range of punishments with different levels of intrusiveness, control and administration.

We are living in a society where state and federal governments have implemented and developed new alternatives to reducing overcrowding in correctional facilities, costs, managing higher-risk offenders in the community, reducing crime and achieving greater fairness and effectiveness in criminal sentencing for adults. These innovations are called intermediate sanctions. It includes intensive probation supervision, house arrests, electronic monitoring, restitution orders, shock incarcerations or split sentences and residential community corrections. The intermediate sanctions have the advantage of offering alternatives to overcrowded jails and prisons. Consequently, penal institutions have not only proven to be costly but also ineffective and

Although Proclamation 455/2005 envisages that valuations will eventually be carried out by certified private or public institutions or individuals, it also states that until such time as institutions of private or public nature, as well as individuals with the required capacity/ability become available, the valuations will have to be made by committees to be established under Article 10 of the proclamation or by owners of utility lines as provided under Article 6 of the same

Commercial fisheries can do tremendous damage to the marine ecosystem if they are not managed properly. This became apparent in Newfoundland and Labrador during the 1990s, when decades of overfishing caused the northern cod stocks to collapse and resulted in a moratorium on the centuries-old industry. These were huge ecological and economic losses, which dictated an urgent need to change fisheries policy and practice in a way that would make the industry sustainable and protect marine biodiversity.

The Atlantic cod fishery collapse left terrible ecological consequences. As mentioned above, the fishing technology was a major destruction to the ecological system by using deployment and draggers. The huge nets that were dropped and dragged along the bottom of the ocean destroyed the underlying eco-system in the process. The effect of selective fishing on spawning grounds – that is, selectively over-exploiting one species in an ecosystem – had disastrous effect on the feeding relationships in that ecosystem. This contributes to the overall reduction of spawning stock biomass of the targeted species, but also an increase in the number of invertebrate and vertebrate predators such as crustacean and fish which will prey on cod eggs, larvae, and younger fish. It is a little wonder that a species like cod, would eventually run into difficulties struggling to survive when its habitat is being continuously destroyed and the balance of their food chain had been wiped out.

II Over the years there has been a huge drop in the population of sharks, because of the popularity of Shark fin soup in china, and this can later on lead to the ocean ecosystem to be disrupted, if sharks are extinct.

The Oceaneos Research Foundation stated that in the mid-1990 the Atlantic cod was caught to near extinction. “Newfoundland’s fishing industry collapsed due to overfishing and 40,000 jobs were lost and the ecosystem destroyed. Fifteen years after the loss of the cod industry they are still waiting for a recovery.” (“The Oceaneos Marine Research Foundation”, 2017)

In order for there to be plenty of fish in the years ahead, fisheries will have to develop sustainable fisheries and some will have to close. Due to the constant increase in the human population, the oceans have been overfished with a resulting decline of fish crucial to the economy and communities of the world. The control of the world's fisheries is a controversial subject, as they cannot produce enough to satisfy the demand, especially when there aren't enough fish left to breed in healthy ecosystems. Scientists are often in the role of fisheries managers and must regulate the amount of fishing in the oceans, a position not popular with those who have to make a living fishing ever decreasing populations.