Cancer is the leading cause of death in the world. An astounding average of 1.6 million deaths occur due to lung cancer every year, making it the most common type of cancer worldwide (1). Lung cancer is broadly classified into two types: small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). 85% of all lung cancer cases are NSCLC. NSCLC has several different histologic subtypes, some of which are: squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma. Of the three, adenocarcinoma accounts for more than 50% of all NSCLC cases, making it the most common subtype of NSCLC (2).
Adenocarcinoma is predominantly present in male smokers, however its occurrence in women, non-smokers, and young patients (below age 40) has been increasing (3). Consequently, genetic alterations / mutations that may be targeted to treat adenocarcinoma are being highly studied, which include: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Anaplastic Lymphoma Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (ALK), Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF1), Napsin A, and more (4). The EGFR gene mutations seem to be the most significant in adenocarcinomas, specifically deletions in Exon 19, and / or point mutations in Exon 21 (5). Similarly, almost 5% of all NSCLCs are associated with a rearrangement in the ALK gene as well, leading to the expression of abnormal proteins that form highly proliferating cells (6).
As a result, recent molecular and translational research is introducing target-based therapies for the management of
Squamous Cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) occurs in about 30% of all Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer cases. (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012) There are two main features of squamous cell NSCLC that distinguish it from adenocarcinoma and large cell NSCLC. Squamous cells contain keratin within the cell and are connected to each other by desmosomes (Khan Academy Medicine, 2012). Squamous cell NSCLC is most commonly found in male smokers who have a cough, airway obstruction, Hilar-adenopathy, mediastinal widening with chest x-rays, and Hypercalcemia (Harold, J. Bruyere, 2009).
This type of cancer is more common in women. It is also more likely to develop in young smokers. Adenocarcinoma usually grows at a slower rate, and doctors are likely to detect it before it spreads to other organs. The cancerous tissues usually form tumors on the outer parts of the lung. If a physician detects adenocarcinoma tissues in the early stages, the patient is likely to respond to conventional treatments.
Bronchogenic carcinoma accounts for over 95% of all primary lung tumours[53]. It is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women worldwide accounting for approximately 27% of all cancer deaths[54]. This carcinoma is broadly divided into small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Histologically, NSCLC is sub classified
Every year many people of different ages suffer and die worldwide from different types of cancers. An estimate made by the American Cancer society states that, in the US alone, in 2014 cancer killed 585,720 and lung cancer was responsible of 159,260 deaths (Deadliest Cancer Coalition, 2014). Lung cancer has become the leading killer cancer and finding better ways to treat it has become a priority for many researchers.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, having been diagnosed more than 224,000 times and causing more than 159,000 deaths in 2014, the FDA said. NSCLC is the most common type, affecting seven of eight people with lung cancer.
Although many people have heard about lung cancer, they don't know that there are two major types of lung cancer. The types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC breaks down into three different types and approximately makes up 85-90% of the cancers that patients are diagnosed with. The first type of NSCLC is adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer is usually found in smokers however it is the most common lung cancer found in nonsmokers. This cancer typically attacks younger adults and targets women. This cancer tends to develop on the outside layers of the lungs and it can be found before it spreads throughout the body. The second type of NSCLC is squamous cell carcinoma. This cancer is linked to smoking and forms in the inner airways of
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, according to the World Health Organisation. In the UK, it 's the second most-frequently occurring cancer among men (after prostate cancer), accounting for 1 in 7 new cases, and the third most-frequently diagnosed cancer in women (after breast and bowel cancer) accounting for about 1 in 9 new cases. However, numbers have dropped considerably in recent times, by about 16% in the last decade alone.
disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade tissues nearby. Cancer can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. The National cancer Institute and the World Health Organization (WHO) report that in 2012, there were 14 million new cancer cases and 8.2 million cancer related deaths. The number of new cases is expected to rise by about 70% over the next two decades. WHO also reports that in 2012 the most common cause of cancer death was lung cancer with 1.59 million deaths. The two main types of lung cancer are Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). NSCLC makes up about 85% to 90% of lung cancers. Treatments for NSCLC can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. One example of targeted therapy is angiogenesis therapy. Angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels. Tumors need a blood supply to grow beyond a certain size and will give off a chemical signals to stimulate angiogenesis. One method of preventing this is to find ways to block tumor angiogenesis. This can be done through angiogenesis therapy, which is also called antiangiogenic agents. Angiogenesis is unique in fighting cancer because it focuses on blood vessels rather than tumor cells. Because angiogenesis is unique, arguments can be made for and against this type of treatment. This goal of this paper is to provide pros and cons for angiogenesis therapy.
There are several types of lung cancer. The type of cancer is named according to the type of cells found in the tumor. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form of lung cancer. Masses with this type of cell are generally slow growing. Squamous or epidermoid carcinoma is the most common cell type found in the bronchial airways. Large cell carcinoma is the third type of non-small cell carcinoma that is not of the other two types. Finally, lung cancer can be classified as small cell carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma is responsible for approximately 15% of all lung cancers and is fast growing, spreads faster than other types of lung cancer and is commonly related to cigarette smoking.
Cancer is the leading cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause of death in developing countries. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2008 estimates, about 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred in 2008. The leading cause of cancer mortality in females is breast cancer, accounting for 23% followed by lung cancer and cervical cancer accounting for 11% respectively. Furthermore, estimates show that, the leading cause of cancer mortality in males is lung cancer accounting for 17% of the total new cancer cases and 23% in total cancer deaths. [2].
Cellular / Molecular Basis: Lung cancer has two types; small cell and non small cell. The two types can be identified by their appearance when looked at with a microscope. It usually affects the cells that are lined along air passages in the lungs.
There are three main types of lung cancer; non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumors. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. Cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are all subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer. Also called oat cell cancer, small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly. Fewer than 5% of
Lung cancer has been the most common cancer in the world for several decades. The 2012 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimate was 1.8 million new cases which constituted 12.9% of the total number of new cancers diagnosed worldwide. Fifty eight percent of which occurred in the less developed regions. Lung cancer remains the most common cancer in men worldwide (1.2 million, 16.7% of the total) with the highest estimated age-adjusted incidence rates in
Cancer remains one of the most devastating diseases in the world. Tumor is the uncontrolled development and spreading of cells that may affect almost any tissue of the body. In this regard, more than 10 million individuals every year are determined to have cancer around the world (reference). It is evaluated that there will be 15 million new cases by the year 2020 (Reference). Around the world, every year cancer causes six million passings (12% of all deaths). Carcinogenesis is a multistep process regulated by genetic and epigenetic changes; disrupting several signaling pathways regulating cellular growth, apoptosis, differentiation and angiogenesis [1,2]. As a normal routine, mammalian cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. However,
There are two types of cancer which is non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. A non-small cell lung cancer is a group of cancer that act like squamous cells and carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Small lung cancer is rare but most common to smokers.