Network Networking Research Paper

Data Modification Attack: An adversary modifies the value of one or more the data readings either by hijacking the sender sensor or inserting itself between the sender and receivers.

3.2. BlackHole. In this attack,malicious nodes advertise very short paths (sometimes zero-cost paths) to every other node, forming routing black holes within the network [41]. As their advertisement propagates, the network routes more traffic in their direction. In addition to disrupting traffic delivery, this causes intense resource contention around the malicious node as neighbors compete for limited bandwidth.

AODV are utilized, instead of broadcasting data packets, S start off a route discovery protocol that requires broadcasting smaller Route Request

In this example, here node A wants to send data packets to node D and starts to find the shortest path for its destination, so if node D is a malicious node then it will show that it has active route to the specified destination. It will then send the response In the example, data packets transfer in a hierarchic data center network. The link capacity is 1000 kb/s. The number on each is the traffic load. The distribution of traffic is based on equal cost multi-path (ECMP). In figure 8, we can see that the 3). Congestions

(b) Redirection with modified hop count: This type of attack is targeted against the AODV protocol in which a malicious node can increase the chances that they are included on a newly created route by resetting the hop count field of a RREQ packet to zero. [17]

To reduce the risk of these types of attacks, routers should be hardened, packet filtering controls should be used and routing information should be controlled.

Being proactive, AODV doesn’t need all its nodes in a network to maintain the routes to destinations rather request a route only when needed i.e., only the nodes which are communicating would require to maintain the route. Also AODV uses sequence numbers to avoid routing loops like in DSDV. Whenever a node needs to communicate with another node, a route has to be found and for that purpose Route Request (RREQ) message is broadcasted to all its neighbors till it reaches the destination node or route to destination. A temporary route table entry in initiated by the RREQ messages throughout the network. Once the destination or a route is found, Route Reply (RREP) message is sent back to source by unicasting along the temporary reverse path of the received RREQ message. RREP message initiates in creating a routing table entries for the destination in intermediate nodes on its way back to source. After certain amount of time these routing table entries expire. Neighbors are detected by periodic HELLO messages (a special RREP message). If a node A does not receive HELLO messages from a neighbor B through which it sends traffic, it assumes that a link is broken and the failure indication is forwarded to its active neighbors. When this message reaches the sources, then either they request a new route by sending new RREQ messages or stop sending data. HELLO messages and the

The attacker counts the number of packet transmissions executed by each node in a region for a period of time. If the nodes are sending to a common destination node e.g., the sink node, then the latter should be located in a region of higher packet transmissions or

Figure 1.3: Location disclosure Attack As shown in figure 1.3 node M1 collect all topology information & either discloses it to other malicious node M2 or itself uses for attack on any other node for example M1 would send fake Message to S. Introduction to MANET P a g e | 20 Flooding: In this type of attack, attacker (malicious) node(s) broadcast false packets or ghost packets which have wrong routing information & drain valuable resources like battery, processing power, and bandwidth. It leads to increased traffic in network, keeping nodes busy and reduced network performance. Denial of Service (DoS) attack: This type of attack has similarity with Flooding type of attacks.

In a sinkhole attack, the adversary’s goal is to lure nearly all the traffic from a particular area through a compromised node, creating a metaphorical sinkhole with the adversary at the center. Because nodes on, or near, the path that packets follow have many opportunities to tamper with application data, sinkhole attacks can enable many other attacks like selective forwarding. Sinkhole attacks typically work by making a compromised node look especially attractive to surrounding nodes with respect to the routing algorithm. For instance, an adversary could spoof or replay an advertisement for an extremely high quality route to a base

1. Reconnaissance - Summarize plausible active gathering, passive gathering, and active reconnaissance techniques that the adversary could have executed to gain intelligence on the target in the scenario.

One day, my family and I traveled to Minnesota. Once we got there, we rushed straight and we turned right to the amusement park called “University of Nickelodeon” and when I walked in, my stomach dropped. My brother, Jesus and I made a deal that for every ride that I got on, he will give me ten dollars. The deal was on. I had gone on a lot of rides, particularly roller coasters. But, the scariest one was a SpongeBob one.

The British imperialist rule impacted India in many negative as well as positive ways, they killed many innocent Indians, suppressed and disrespected their culture but also promoted justice regardless of social rank. The British took over India in 1757 with the British East India Company at The Battle of Plassey. Indian soldiers fighting under British rule were called the Sepoys, after many events of disrespect felt by the Indians they rebelled which is known as the Sepoy Rebellion. This led to more tragedies like the Amritsar massacre, where British fired into a crowd of Muslim and Hindu Indians. The British rule lasted for about two hundred years and finally ended in 1858.

Prostitution or commercial sex has always been a heavily debated topic around the world. The world’s oldest profession dating back to ca. 2400 BCE has been considered degrading for the dignity of a women and the feminist community. Critics claim that legalisation of prostitution can result in violence against women, human trafficking, exploitation etc. However, data collected from nations such as Germany and New Zealand, where the profession of commercialized sex is legalized, reports an utterly contrary results. Citizens of Canada need to develop a positive mentality towards prostitution and sex workers as legalization has been accomplished in the House of Commons. Prostitution needs’ to be legalized around the world due to multiple

The internet is a medium that is becoming progressively important as it makes information available in a quick and easy manner. It has transformed communications and acts as a global network that allows people to communicate and interact without being limited by time, boarders and distance. However, the infrastructure is vulnerable to hackers who use the system to commit cyber crime. To accomplish this, they make use of innovative stealth techniques for their malicious purposes in the internet.