Neuro Case Study: Pathophysiology

Axel and skeleton frame injuries are something that are very common in the world of sports. The National Football Ledge(NFL) has a foundation of physical impact and is very strenuous on the axel and skeletal frame. Thoracic disc herniations in the one of the most common injuries the NFL and it requires the greatest amount of time to recover which is 189 days. Thou the injury is very high in football nearly 15 percent of American suffer from Thoracic Disc Herniation. Degeneration the most common cause of Thoracic disc herniation “As a disc's annulus ages, it tends to crack and tear. These injuries are repaired with scar tissue. Over time the annulus weakens, and the nucleus may squeeze (herniate) through the damaged annulus. Spine degeneration

There is evidence to suggest that improved motor recovery occurs when the brain uses the original neural system to control the movement as this is shown to represent "true" recovery. Whereas, if new networks were to form in the unaffected hemisphere of the brain, motor recovery will be reduced. As a result of using these new networks, fine motor control is lost and employment of compensatory movement strategies are associated with a poorer functional outcome (Nudo, 2007). The recovery of motor skills following a stroke, like walking, relies on the brain’s ability

DOI: 06/23/2011. This is a case of 41-year-old male maintenance worker who sustained injury to the low back while taking off a sliding door of a patio. As per OMNI notes, patient is diagnosed with lumbar disc disorder with myelopathy. MRI of the lumbar spine dated 6/28/15 revealed recurrent left paramedian L4-5 disc herniation with caudal extrusion of a 10 mm fragment into the left L5 lateral recess. As per office notes dated 7/25/16, the patient is status post redo left L5-S1 discectomy performed on 4/20/16. It was also noted that the patient had a prior L5 laminotomy several years ago. He subsequently did well. However, he had recurrence of his pain. Pain is radiating into his left leg worse on the right leg. This was unresponsive to conservative

Your friend’s dog, Spot, jumped onto a table with a terrarium housing your pet salamander, Lizzie. Unfortunately, the table tipped over and Spot has suffered a head injury which damaged the primary motor cortex. Lizzie lost most of the distal right forelimb in the accident. Please answer the following questions regarding the nervous system and regeneration, in a .docx, .pptx, or .pdf format.

Further studies in 1998 investigating the re-mapping component in the brain were conducted by researchers at the University of Toronto and The Toronto Hospital. The study recruited amputees who experienced phantom pain for surgery to map the sensory areas in the brain. During the mapping process, the conscious patients reported sensations they felt when certain areas of the thalamus were stimulated. Patients reported phantom sensations when areas of the thalamus were stimulated that formally were innervated by neurons from the missing arm, and also when areas on the stump were stimulated that activated these reorganized regions in the brain. Neurons were shown to continue to carry out their original roles, but with different sources of activation (7).

The disc then begins to collapse, causing the space between each vertebra to become smaller and smaller. This shifting of vertebra causes abnormal pressure on the articular

Herniated discs are particularly brutal, due to their position directly behind the spinal cord. When a disc ruptures, the ‘jelly’ inside can spill out into the nerves. This results in severe pain that radiates through the back and sometimes down the legs, as in my case. For more than two years, it felt like I had a knife embedded in my lower back.

How do you know whether you have sciatica and not another problem? Sciatica's most telltale sign is that it only affects one side of the body. Its symptoms include constant pain in one of your legs or half of the buttocks. It is rare to have symptoms on both sides. The pain is often worse when sitting, and it makes it difficult to rise from your seat, let alone try to walk. It may also be difficult to move your leg or wiggle your toes, and you may feel numb or weak in the affected region or have trouble bending the knee.

Roughly, 80% of the population will experience lower back pain once in their lifespan, while two-thirds of the population will experience neck pain. As ludicrous as it might appear, the ugly truth about slipped disc complications is that they are increasing at an alarming rate. Back pain and neck pain are the most common reasons of immobility in individuals under 45 years old. It is now very ubiquitous and not only found in elderly, or after a traumatic happening. A slipped disc can happen throughout the entire spine but is most common in the cervical and lumbar area. Inappropriate posture, unwarranted or protracted axial weight-bearing activities are the culprits; in other words, extended sitting or lifting and carrying of hulking objects that cause uneven distribution of weight across your spinal joint or the spinal discs. Over the time, axial loading (sitting or carrying weighty loads) can dehydrate your spinal disc. Dehydration of the

Can the human mind exist without a functional body? The degree connection between the body and mind is a topic that many people find controversial. Many people believe that the mind is an entity of its own and completely separate from the body. Others state that the body is the biggest influence on the shape of the mind. Though the mind can seem independent from the body at times, it is never truly free. The mind is inseparable from the body it inhabits. A damaged or lost body has immense effects on a person’s grip on their mind and their sense of self. Furthermore, the self is influenced and tied to the characteristics of the body it inhabits.

On 2/21/17 I went to the office of Neurosurgeon Dr. Schell. Ms. Ostrander had arrived and left before I arrived. Dr. Schell will not speak with case managers. I called Ms. Ostrander. She said Dr. Schell looked at the MRI disc and told her the compression fractures to her Thoracic spine had not healed and she needs a vertebral plasty done. This is going to be scheduled. He also told her that she has compression issues in her cervical spine but he would deal with this after the thoracic spine is taken care of. Dr. Schell’s office is supposed to schedule the surgery. The MRI done on 2/16/17 with and without contrast showed that the mild compression fractures at the anterior superior endplates of T5, T6, T7, and T9 are healed.

Merzenich and Kaas amputated monkeys' fingers and expected to find no nervous response in the part of the homunculus whose bodily analog no longer existed. Instead, this region of the cerebral cortex fired when the fingers next to the amputation site were stimulated. Their conclusion was that preexisting axon branches that had innervated the region were "unmasked," which allows for nervous response without any new neuronal growth. This idea upheld Hubel and Wiesel's concept of the "hardwired" brain, in which the cerebral cortex's map is set at birth. Ramachandran also had a similar idea of "hidden circuitry," arguing that phantom limb sensation could not be the result of new neuronal growth as the sensation's onset was often as soon as a month or two after amputation, which be enough time for the brain to remap but not for new cells to develop.

Evaluation of the prognosis of recovery of the nerve injury should be first established before management could be done conservatively or using a surgical approach.

Tests include x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and CT myelogram (Spinal Stenosis, 2015). After these exams, if the patient is diagnosed with the disorder treatment is then determined. There are numerous different treatment options. A main goal is to control pain so a patient can be prescribed multiple kinds of drugs including NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, and opioids. Patients can also do physical therapy that includes stretching, massage, and strengthening. Other options are steroid injections, acupuncture, and chiropractic manipulation. If these treatment options bring about no success surgery is the next option (AAOS, 2013). There are many types of surgeries that can be performed for spinal stenosis and is determined based on the specific circumstances of the patient at

The most common etiologies of herniated discs are trauma, expected effects of aging, and degenerative processes of the spinal column. Traumatic injuries to the spine can be caused by activities such as weight lifting solely using the back, falling on the buttocks or back, or resisting a sneeze. On the other hand, aging causes the nucleus pulposus to dry out and lose most of its elasticity, triggering it to tear and rupture out of the disc. Lastly, degenerative disease predispose individuals to malalignment and abnormal deterioration of the vertebral column (Grossman, 2013,