Nivolumab Case Study

A. Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the U.S. One of every four deaths in the U.S is from cancer.

In the past years, there has been a major paradigm shift in the management of non-small cell lung cancer also known as (NSCLC). NSCLC should now be further sub-classified by histology and driver mutation if one is known or present. Translational research results now allow such mutations to be inhibited by either receptor monoclonal antibodies (mAb) or small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Whilst empirical chemotherapy with a platinum-doublet remains the gold standard for advanced NSCLC without a known driver mutation, targeted therapy is pushing the boundary to significantly improve patient outcomes and quality of life. In this review, we will examine the major subtypes

Causes: The foremost reason for lung cancer is cigarette smoking which causes around 90% of all deaths caused by lung cancer in the world. However, smoking is not the only way to get it. The second most frequent cause of lung cancer is exposure to radon gas, which

The leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135,000 of them died of lung cancer caused by smoking cigarettes. The overall survival rate of those with lung cancer is at about fifteen percent.

In the United States, there are estimated 1.3 million cases of cancer diagnosed each year showing about 570,280 annual deaths. The most commonly encountered cancers include those of the prostate, breast, lung, colon, and rectum. Lung cancer has shown increased fatality rate and is responsible for approximately 160,000 deaths each year in the United States alone. [3].

WEDNESDAY, March 4, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of Opdivo (nivolumab) has been expanded to include advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the agency said Wednesday in a news release.

Over decades, lung cancer globally continues to be the leading killer in both genders. In the United States, smoking is responsible for 90% lung cancer deaths in men and about 80% in women. About 15 decades ago, lung cancer was not considered as the leading killer because it was an extremely rare disease about 1% in total of cancer cases. However, by the year 1927, the percentage increased into 14%. During World War I, many soldiers and civilians started smoking to release stress. Eventually, that made the lung cancer rate and smoking addiction in the population started to increase. In a research that published in 2001, lung cancer annually kills over one million people worldwide (Witschi, 2001). The death rate, which caused by lung cancer,

Lung cancer happens to be the top cause of deaths in the United States for both genders. It tends to people who smoke are at a higher risks for this type of cancer. Even people who are exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk. Others can get this cancer even if they aren't near smoke at all. Smoke is believed to cause lung cancer because it's damaging the cells that line the lungs. It causes cells to act abnormally.

In 2015, 221,000 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed out of these cases. An estimated (86,380 in men and 71,660 women) will not survive this disease. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death out of all cancerous circumstances far exceeding that of the colon, breast, and prostate combined. As a result of the final decision made earlier this year by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to cover lung cancer screening with low-dose CT More men and women are expected to be diagnosed with lung cancer.

Lung cancer was once a very rare disease, this disease was so rare that doctors thought that it was a once-in-a-lifetime oddity. Towards the end of the 19th century cigarettes and tobacco become popularised, causing a global lung cancer epidemic. In 2014, an estimated 221,000 adults in the United States will be diagnosed with lung cancer, (115,610 men and 105,590 women). Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the US. The one-year survival rate is 44%, the five-year survival rate is 17% (cancer). The cigarette is the deadliest artifact in the history of humans. Cigarettes cause around 1 lung cancer death per 3 or 4 million smoked, this is why the epidemic is so large today. Cigarettes cause about 1.5 million

This new drug, pembrolizumab, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on May 26, 2017. It has gone through a clinical trial and it has proven to partial or completely shrink the tumors. The shrinkage only was shown to be true in about 40% of cancer patients. In 78% of those patients lasted six months or more, this drug can do great things. About seventeen out of thirty patients the drug stopped the going of cancer in their bodies. When six were not alive

IRAEs tend to follow a predictable pattern, with rashes and GI toxicity seen early and liver toxicity or endocrinopathies seen later in the treatment course. [13] Certain IRAEs appear to be specific to certain cancers, with pneumonitis being more prevalent in lung cancer patients and higher rates of vitiligo and colitis observed in melanoma patients receiving infusions immune check point inhibitors.[14] In general, anti-PD-1 antibodies, Nivolumab/Pembrolizumab, are more tolerable (10-15% rate of grade 3 [severe] and 4 [life-threatening] AEs) compared to Ipilimumab (20–30% rate of grade 3-4 AEs) and or combination PD-1 + CTLA-4 blockade therapy (55% rate of AEs).[14] Immune modulators (IMMs) are employed for high grade IRAEs and most patients achieve control with steroids or infliximab for steroid-refractory toxicity.[3] Fortunately, it has been shown that treating IRAEs with steroids/IMMs has yet to show any detrimental effect on the efficacy of immune check point therapy in terms of OS and

Intravenous ustekinumab causes a reaction and respite in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease that is resistant to either tumor necrosis factor(TNF) antagonists or conventional therapy. Among patients who had a reaction to intravenous induction, subcutaneous ustekinumab administered as a dose of 90 mg every 8 weeks or every 12 weeks was more effective than placebo for maintaining remission.

In 2002, data on gefitinib/Iressa, the first targeted therapy subsequently to win approval in NSCLC and the first drug developed simulataneously in the US, Europe and Japan were submitted.

Unlike Gilead that has only one product in its Oncology line, Bristol-Myers Squibb presently have four different drugs namely: Erbitux –an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antagonist for the treatment of Head & Neck cancer and Colorectal cancer,(2) Opdivo (nivolumab) for the treatment of unresectable or metastic melanoma and lungs cancer, (3) Syrcel( dasatinb) for the treatment of newly diagnosed adult with Philadelphia chromosome –positive (ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia and (4) Yervoy (ipilimumob) for the treatment of melanoma a type of skin cancer that spread and as such cannot be remove by surgery. Like Seattle Genetics, the company products use either Antibody-drug Conjugate (ADC) though in a different version by linking potent cytotoxic to monoclonal antibodies targeted to specific tumor cells or immune-oncology, an innovative technology that unlocks the body own immune system to fight against cancerous cells. It also expanded its focus to Nolch inhibitor (used in blocking powerful pathway that promotes tumor cell survival for certain other types of cancer. (Bristol-Myer Squibb, 2014) Because the technology is similar but used differently, BMS would be considered a close competitor who currently has the advantage of having four targeted specific drugs and 12 other oncology and immune-oncology in various trial phases.