Notes On Grapefruit Seed Extract Essay

AIM – The aim of the experiment is to determine the relative effectiveness of several anti-microbial substances on developing pathogens. (E. coli)

found that both the drug and the bacteria use enzymes as their defense and attack

In this lab experiment, two species of bacteria were cultured on tryptic soy agar (TSA) with the addition of four different antibiotics to demonstrate the effectiveness of each anti biotic. The two species grown were E. coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, both very different in relation to size, shape, and gram state. The four antibiotic drugs tested on the TSA plate were Penicillin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, and Erythromycin, each with a different function and effectiveness. The following information provided will review the two bacteria’s pathogenicity and the four antibiotics mechanism of action and application.

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blackberries have useful healing properties and it is loaded in antioxidants and vitamins, moreover , the leaves and roots have medical value, Native Americans have long used the leaves and stems for healing wound . The leaves and root can be used as an effective treatment against dysentery and diarrhea as well as serving usefulness as an anti-inflammatory. Ideal for treating cuts and inflammation in the mouth.

This efficacy can be analyzed via various antimicrobial tests such as E-tests, disc diffusion, agar dilution, and microdilution. E-tests assess antimicrobial properties by applying a concentration gradient using strips on an agar plate inoculated with the microorganism of interest. The inhibition zones can then be assessed surrounding each strip of known antimicrobial concentrations. Disc diffusion uses this same procedure; however, the antimicrobial is applied to small discs rather than a strip. Agar dilution quantifies an effective antimicrobial concentration by using multiple agar pour plates containing increasing concentrations of the inhibitory compound. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) can then be determined by identifying the agar plate with the lowest concentration that did not support growth. Microdilution – the antimicrobial test conducted in this experiment – determines the MIC by filling the wells of a microtiter plate with decreasing concentrations of the antimicrobial. Micrograms are then added to the wells at a standardized concentration and the plate is incubated for 24-49 hours and the optimal temperature. Growth in these wells is then determined by measuring the turbidity (OD600) of the broths. Thus, the MIC identified as the well with the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial that inhibits

The explanation of how the Listerine is useful and effective shows that there was a proper investigation carried out with clear background information from the investigator. This enables the user to be more at ease with the scientific value of the source. Although, the author is also not mentioned as a scientific professional thus it is not possible to rely on the scientific value of the source.

Current biological research investigations show that both lemon and lime juices have an affect on slowing down and potentially stopping the growth of Escherichia Bacteria by creating an inhibition zone. This can be seen in an experimental report done by Dr. Zahra Muhsin Ali “Antagonism activity of citrus fruit juices on some pathogenic bacteria.” The experiment was conducted in the Biological Department of Science at Kufa University to determine the antagonism activity of both Lemon and Lime juices against various bacterium, one of them being E. Coli. The results of the experiment revealed that each juice concentration had inhibiting effects against bacteria due to the presence of citric acid and some volatile oils. The results also showed a reduction in the value of pH. The investigation was further proved successful due to both juices from lemon and lime were found to have inhibited the E. Coli bacterium parameter with an inhibition zone ranging from 8-29mm which can be seen in figure 4. The antagonism effects of the lemon and lime juice was compared with the antagonism effects of some antibiotics, the results being that the isolated E. Coli was resistant to the majority of antibiotics. Proving that overall the experiment conducted was successful

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We tested the effectiveness of the antibiotics on the bacteria by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. For this method one places bacteria onto an agar in a petri dish in order for it to spread and grow across the dish. Once the bacteria has grown on the petri dish we place antibiotic disks for about 48 hours, and this will cause the bacteria to surround the disk and create an area called the Zone of inhibition. The zone of inhibition (ZOI) is the area in which the antibiotic disk has prevented the bacteria from growing any further. Next, we measure the diameter of the zone of inhibition in millimeters. The larger the zone of inhibition the more effective the antibiotic was against the bacteria. If there is no zone of inhibition present this can interpreted as a non-effective, and its zone of inhibition is equal to

on inhibiting and treating pathogenic infections. Pathogenic infections are on the rise and cases are

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