The Effects Of Polyphenols And Carotenoids On Bacterial Infections

Modern-day advances have allowed scientists to develop methods to control pathogens. The more common methods include the use of antiseptics, antibiotics, and vaccines. By definition, antiseptics are chemicals used to kill pathogens. A few widespread antiseptics include soap, vinegar, and rubbing alcohol. Antiseptics are primarily used for the external destruction of pathogens, while antibiotics and vaccines target internal pathogens. Nevertheless, there are and can be difficulties concerning the use of antibiotics. “As antibiotic use has become more common, antibiotic-resistant bacteria have evolved.” This resistance due to evolution is called antibiotic resistance. It results in the antibiotics having no effect whatsoever on the bacteria, rendering the antibiotics useless. When antibiotic resistance occurs, scientists must resume their search to create a new medicine to can kill the mutant bacteria.

An example of those are carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, possessing strong antioxidant, radical-scavenging, and antibacterial activities. The majority of the phenolic acids in Sage species are derivatives of caffeic acid which is the building block of a variety of plant metabolites. Caffeic acid plays a central role in the biochemistry of the Lamiaceae plants, and occurs mainly in a dimer form as rosmarinic acid. Carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, which are present at high concentrations in the extract of Sage plants, have shown strong antioxidant properties. Ursolic acid, also a component of sage, has strong anti-inflammatory properties, and in sage preparations, it is considered as a quality control measurement for the anti-inflammatory effects of different

The aim of this investigation was to find out which antiseptics were most effective at preventing the growth of bacteria.

Beta –carotene toxicity cases are rampant among smokers. Physicians advise active smokers to avoid these supplements as their intake results in increase risk of lung cancer. Scientists have asserted that metabolites elements present in the Beta-carotene substances destroy retinoic acids that repress cancer growth in the lungs (Gutiérrez, & Gonzalez, 2010). In addition, metabolites catalyze proteins responsible for cell division hence activates the growth of cancerous cells. It is for this reason that smokers are prohibited from taking Beta-carotene substances. Thus, Beta-carotene supplements are best suited for diabetic patients and vitamin A deficient individuals.

It also helps with the prevention of PCP in HIV-positive patients, but should be used cautiously due to the incidence of adverse reactions. This drug is also active against many strains of gram-positive pathogens including: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, Nocardia, Enterococcus. It also has activity against many gram-negative pathogens, such as: Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Haemophilus influenzae, including ampicillin-resistant

Used of lycopene have been studied extensively through epidemiological and biochemical investigations of its properties and its bioavailability. No adverse events have been reported in association with the consumption of lycopene-containing foods (Kalai, 2011). Lycopene is synthesized by plants and microorganisms, but not by animals. It is a red open-chain unsaturated carotenoid, acyclic isomer of beta-carotene, and longer than any other carotenoid. This highly unsaturated hydrocarbon contains 11 conjugated and 2 unconjugated double bonds, predisposing lycopene to isomerization and degradation upon exposure to light, excessive heat, and air (Lee and Chen, 2002; Yang et al.,2006).

vulgare shown to have significant antibacterial activity in vitro as compared to some standard antibiotics[53]. Butanol and aqueous fractions of F. vulgare fruit showed intermediate free radical scavenging activity in vitro[54]. A group of rat pretreated with aqueous extract of F. vul-gare shown to have suppressed ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Also, this extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant activity[70]. Administration of methanolic extract of F. vulgare fruit orally to mice has been shown to suppress Type 4 allergic reactions as well as acute and subacute inflammatory responses and also shown moderate centeral analgesic effect. In addition, it significantly enhance plasma antioxidant status while suppressing lipid peroxidation chain

-Medical and surgical aseptic techniques can be used to prevent the onset and transmission of a potential pathogen, and break the chain of infection.

For the antibiotic test, we found the results of seven antibiotics and their effectiveness against these two bacterium. The following graph will show the diameter for the zone of inhibition for the bacteria and antibiotics. We found the antibiotics Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline were the most effect against the two

Antimicrobial agents with the narrowest spectrum of activity required for efficacy in preventing infection are recommended .Alternative antimicrobial agents with documented

Perhaps a qualitative or mixed methods research would fill the gap in the literature. Most of the sample size used for this review seemed to be very little. Nonetheless, we should not consider quantitative studies with small sample sizes as unreliable because these research findings could be used as a pilot study that would guide the succeeding studies, just like the clinical trials in its early stage, or in atypical occasions, to conduct potential meta-analyses for some rare illnesses (Biau, et al., 2008). The desirable effects of the polyphenols on the CVD risk sample population for this review are inconclusive. The irregularities of the variables involved in the study deter the collective answer to the question in this review. The length of the study, the intake amount, the research participants, and the insufficient standardized control are some of the threats to the validity of the research (Katarzyna et al., 2015). It is imperative for future researchers to consider bigger sample size, more homogenous CVD-risk population, longer, and better-controlled studies. It is also vital to educate and engage the public about the valuable effects of the polyphenol

However, upon the addition of INF55, a multidrug resistance pump inhibitor, the effect of berberine against germinated spores has been enhanced. Furthermore, the addition of INF55 was shown to be more effective in dormant spores as opposed to germinating spores. In conclusion, the spores need to first be in the germination stage in order for berberine to take effect. On the other hand, if INF55 is supplemented, even dormant spores can be affected by berberine (Wang, S.). The effects of berberine should also be tested on other sporulating bacteria such as Clostridium. As mentioned above, Bacillus and Clostridium undergo slightly varied endosporulation pathways. Thus, it is interesting to know if this occurrence has an implication to the effectivity of berberine against spores. Also, more studies on natural products with antibacterial properties, especially those that can affect the highly stress resistant endospore, should be undertaken. These compounds may target the sigma factors described above in order to disrupt endosporulation. Since vegetative cells are more susceptible to antibiotics and other management procedures, disruption of endosporulation by targeting the sigma factors may help reduce, if not eradicate the problems brought about by spore

These results are not particularly conclusive and more research can be done on the inhibition of the growth of E.coli however, with other common and practical substances. A particular weakness of this investigation is the fact that one inhibition test does not necessarily indicate that microorganisms have been killed by an antimicrobial product. It merely shows that the bacteria have been prevented from growing. This means that a constant appliance of the antimicrobial is necessary or the bacteria will simply grow back. If this experiment were to be repeated again, results would be improved by achieving a greater variety of comparison with more possible antimicrobial substances tested and

9. Jeon J, Kim JH, Lee CK, Ow CH. “Antimicrobial activity of the green tea polyphenol (-)- epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against clinical Pseudomonas and Escherichia Isolated from skin wounds” University of Seoul Journal, 564-587, 2014.

Antibiotics are chemical compounds that selectively interfere with the growth of microorganisms while causing little or no damage to the animal or human host. The purpose of this lab was to determine the effectiveness antibiotics against any given bacterium by means of examining the zone of inhibition, the minimum inhibitory concentration, and the minimum bactericidal concentration.