Terrestrialization on Land or in Water
By Kyle Dean
Intro.
The movement to land by plants has been a point of great interest for many researchers. The complexity of the situation is in the characterization of those traits that were most essential to the viability on land, and whether those traits developed prior to terrestrialization or post terrestrialization. This complexity stems from the long branch of phylogeny leading to terrestrialization having an incomplete fossil record due to environmental changes throughout time. The gold standard hypothesis on terrestrialization introduced by Bower is accepted in the scientific community as the explanation for terrestrial plant diversification of plant orders and families. Bower’s hypothesis articulates, “that the evolution of antithetic alternating life cycles was instrumental in adapting to the terrestrial habitat. (Harholt et al., 2016)” In other words the development of the free living sporophyte and gametophyte was critical to a plants ability to live on land. This information if taken only to mean the diversification of land plant orders and families is accepted by most without question, for the alternating life cycle is imperative to suitability of land plants; however, if Bower intended for his hypothesis to be inclusive of the primordial terrestrialization then his hypothesis has encountered some criticism. Stebbins and Hill in 1980 conducted research that concluded with the premise that unicellular charophytes invaded
The reading that I chose for this assignment is from Chapter Six in the required book for class “The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History”. The chapter title is “The Sea Around Us” where the primary concentration of the chapter was the consequences that humans have on the planet with the focus on ocean acidification. This happens from the carbon dioxide we pump into the air and it slowly seeps back down into the oceans and slowly increases the PH level thus causing the ocean to be more acidic. In about one hundred years do you believe that, oysters, mussels, and coral reefs survive?
Plants are found everywhere on earth, up high on the ridge and down low in caves and caverns. The types of plants that live in these places depends on many factors. These factors are separated into two different categories, the biotic factors and the abiotic factors. Some of the biotic factors include, predation, competition, and habitat destruction. Plants with limited competition and large amounts of resources will be in a higher abundance than plants with limited resources and higher competition rates will be confined to areas and either out competed or will be the dominant species. Certain plants adapt to these factors and thrive and others don’t do as well. Some of the abiotic factors include, sunlight, water, temperature, and wind. These
“Wade in the Water” is an excerpt from Alvin Ailey’s Revelations. His masterpiece Revelations was created in1960 and it reflects his experience and memories of growing up in Texas. “Wade in the Water” is a dance within Revelations that shows us a traditional baptism ceremony that takes place in a river. Alvin Ailey’s “Wade in the Water” shows us the hope that blacks had of someday being free. The baptism signifies the faith and hope of blacks being free from slavery and beginning a new life with freedom. For example, in (1:23-1:40) we see three male dancers with what look like tree branches “cleansing” the air from evil spirits before the baptism takes place. In (1:16-1:23) we see seven dancer taking two steps forward and two steps back with their hands together, like they were praying, and two other dancers with their hands up, as if they were asking god for help.
Biomes are appropriate conditions for organizing the natural world because the organisms that live in them common constellations of adaptations, particularly the climate of each of the areas and the characteristic vegetation types that develops in these divisions. It should be understood that the climate is perhaps the most important in determining classes of individuals who may live in an area and the ways they should be amended to live under different conditions of temperature and precipitation and seasonal distribution of these factors element. Every place on Earth has its own climate, influenced by both macroclimate regions as the particular microclimate. The soils are very important because they are essential to determine the types of plants that will grow into a bioclimatic zone in partical, in addition, also as substrates for animals serve. In turn, the soils are heavily influenced by regional climate, as well as the geology of the bedrock. At the same time we have to keep in mind the diversity of plants like the flora just like the diversity of the fauna as well as the adaptation of both.
James McBride was a black boy that had a white mother. You can imagine that going to an all-white school that he was going to get teased in school and that he was going to question himself. If it wasn’t for a change in perspective, you would never grow. But James had needed to change his perspective faster than others. James has gone through a huge change in perspective in the book, “The Color of Water.” It is shown in his book from the beginning, middle, and end of the book noting on how by changing his perspective he was able to grow and mature into someone better. As teenagers we always think that our parents have no idea about what we go through and everything is different than when they were our age but in a sense
Adaptations in terrestrial environments involve the structural and functional qualities of the organism, to achieve the adequate intake of oxygen and other essential substances for the animal to survive, the evolution of more complex anatomical structures were required. Gravity is stronger on land than water, which means terrestrial organisms have to be more structural than aquatic organisms. Also, the balance of gas exchange with water loss is a key feature to survive in land. For example plants, when doing photosynthesis require carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen, at the end of this process a lot of water is lost and terrestrial plants have to compensate the water being lost and the water taken from soil. Furthermore, the dispersal of gametes by wind or other animals have helped plants reproduce in large amounts and create varieties of species of the same kind. Short-term weather patterns as well as long-term climate conditions based on precipitations, temperature, wind, humidity as well as other factors are survival obstacles that organisms in land have to adapt to live; endothermic organisms have to maintain a constant internal
“On such a full sea” is a novel written by Chang-Rae Lee. The story is about a journey of a nineteen-year old girl name Fan. She works in the tanks diving and keeping it clean, nurturing the fish and just looking after the welfare of the fish. This is one of the most important jobs for the city of B-Mor because it is one of the major ways the city can get their revenue. They sell the fish to the Charter village. Fan’s journey starts when one-day Fan’s boyfriend Reg disappeared from B-more due to the governmental-pharmaceutical cartel she decides to leave B-Mor on the search of Reg. She explores the different social classes from the open counties, which is the low-class society and there is a high rate of crimes such as murder, robbery, and aggressive
Have you ever came across a conflict between you and someone that was very close to you? In the memoir The Color of Water, by James McBride, McBride describes his understanding of and experiences with the cultures, races, religions, and family that surround him this eventually helps him to better understand himself. James McBride is an accomplished musician and author of the national Book Award-winning The Good Lord bird, the #1 best selling American classic The Color of Water, and the bestsellers Song Yet Sund and St.Anna, which was turned into a film by Spike Lee. McBride is a Distinguished Writer in Residence at New York University. The setting of The Color of Water occurs between the 1920s- 1990s. The character’s names in The Color of Water are James McBride, Ruth McBride Jordan, Andrew Dennis McBride, Hunter Jordan, Hudis Shilsky, Fishel Shilsky, Dee-Dee, Sam, Francis, Bubeh, Aunt Mary, Aunt Laura, Aunt Betsy, Peter, Helen McBride, Jack, Big Richard and Chicken Man. James’s experiences with racism in school, interactions with family, his research into his mother's past expose him to life outside of his comfort zone and demonstrate that you can be black, successful and loved outside of your race and his experiences and understanding of his own identity reveals his urge
Part 5 begins by recounting Dean's journey home from Mexico. His car finally died in Louisiana and he gets money from Inez to get back to New York. Inez is another girl that he meets and leaves Camillie for her. After taking Inez to New Jersey and marrying her, Dean suddenly jumps on a bus for San Francisco to live with Camille and his two children. Dean now has been "three times married, twice divorced, and living with the second wife." Dean needs to grow up and become a parent rather than having random hook ups. Dean states that he has parted with a “fever” in Mexico. Dean wants to settle down with Camillie and spend the rest of his life with her. He also wants to meet up with Sal and him his plan. After Dean is done talking with Sal,
‘Children of the Sea’ is a harrowing story written by Edwidge Danticat, a Haitian-American woman who expresses her personal trauma and horrors through her literature. ‘Children of the Sea’ opens with an undisclosed man writing a letter to his beloved as he travels across the sea from his home, where is lover is also writing letters directed to him. The letters they write to one another dictates the plot and reveals the two unnamed narrators lives.
This book is like going back to in time how good it is. This summer I have read A Long Way To Water by Linda Sue Park. In the novel, there were two different times in years but they both take place in Sudan, Africa. The two different years are in 1985 and in 2008. The 1985 setting had character named Salva which at the time was 11 years old. During that time there was a Civil War occurring in Africa. In the setting year of 2008, there was a girl named Nya which at the time was 11 years old as well. She was living in a time where Dinka which Salva is and Nuer which Nya is were at war with each other.
Anton Chekhov's The Sea Gull is a Russian comedy, despite some tragedy, written in the end of the nineteenth century regarding the drama revolving around a group of people living in the countryside. The characters face the lack of satisfaction in their lives as they fail to achieve their desires. The characters desires are most about success; they desire success in love and art. Since these characters are lacking at least one of these desires, they are thus left to be loathing their lack of success in life throughout the play. Overall, The Sea Gull does exemplify the human disappointment through the characters which face disappointment or dissatisfaction with their lives and effectively portray disappointment through the characters’
A lot of people may wonder how the characters on the cladogram contribute to the success of life on land. A cladogram is when you have a group of characteristics that ultimately share the same character state and you are comparing the ones are not shared within the group, which is an outgroup (Lab Manual). On page 115 it shows a table of land plants and we had to figure out the character states for each moss, fern, Gymnosperm, and Angiosperm. The character states for this table were terrestrial, embryo, dominant sporophyte, vascular tissue, seeds, secondary growth, flowers, fruit, gametophyte dependent on sporophyte, pollen, sporophyll, sporophyte dependent on gametophyte, Archegonium, and double fertilization. So how do these characters
The ocean in medieval times was a thing of great mystery to the ordinary medieval peasant. However to the explorers, the church and the educated the sea was a dangerous place. The ocean began to fascinate people in the time of the early Greeks. The Titans ruled the earth in the beginning, and Oceanus, son of Uranus and Gaea was one of them.
There are some travelers who see a “paradise” as their final destination; however, it may end up to be exactly opposite of what a paradise should be. This can be seen in Alex Garland’s The Beach. The novel is about several backpackers, Richard, Francoise, and Etienne, who come together and travel to an island community, their paradise, within Thailand. Ultimately, the story portrays the idea of a utopia-like society taking a turn for the worst and becoming a dystopia, something that the backpackers would not have expected. Throughout the story, the theme of a utopia turning into a dystopia could be seen through symbolism such as the “cancer” of traveling and the destruction that it brings.