Cased Assignment- Historical Foundations and Achievements
Catonia Roach
Trident University
BHE200- Essentials of Public Health
Dr. Jewel Carter- McCummings
November 23, 2014
Task
For the first Case Assignment, please answer the following questions. You can submit your paper in a Question and Answer format. In other words, list the questions and provide a short answer to each.
Which one of the major achievements in public health identified in Bouldin, E. (2010) is especially interesting to you?
Briefly describe the achievement, in a paragraph or two.
In what era did this achievement occur?
Briefly discuss the historical context of the development. What was happening during that time period? What spurred the development of the
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Edward Jenner invented a vaccine by using a naturally-acquired and mild cowpox to prevent smallpox. More than one thousand people were vaccinated in England alone within three years. The print media played an important role in spreading the word about these vaccinations and smallpox was finally eradicated in 1980 (Bouldin, 2010).
Q2. In what era did this achievement occur?
This achievement occurred during the Age of Enlightenment. Smallpox could not be completely controlled during that period but the invention of the vaccine made it possible to prevent the spread of smallpox and finally eradicate it 1980. As France entered the Age of Enlightenment in the eighteenth century, public health became an important aspect of society. Concept of equality enabled people to understand health in a better way. Infant mortality was focused and government was forced to regulate alcohol and ensure the safety of infants. Health education got popular. Occupational health was also focused and several occupational ailments were understood and described during this era. Significance of mental health was realized and it was started to be viewed as a health problem. It shows that the Age of Enlightenment was important for the development of health care field (Bouldin, 2010).
It was during this era that Edward Jenner invented a vaccine to prevent smallpox by inoculating a healthy eight-year old boy with cowpox;
Over many of years the world has faced problems concerning health. Many scientists and health experts have worked together to better our nation 's health care. English Physician and Scientist Edward Jenner, a small country doctor, who is well known around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and the ultimate eradication of smallpox. (2005, Baylor University Medical Center.) It is believed that smallpox appeared around 10,000 B.C. Smallpox was introduced to Europe sometime between the fifth and seventh centuries and was frequently epidemic during the Middle Ages. Edward Jenner was born on May 17, 1749, in Berkeley, Gloucestershire. During his early school years, Edward developed a strong interest in science and nature that continued throughout his life. Jenner’s interest in natural history and animal biology sharpened his medical understanding of the role of human-animal trans-species boundaries in disease transmission. He experienced the proverbial “Eureka”-like moment sometime during the 1770s. At age 13 he was apprenticed to a country surgeon and apothecary in Sodbury, near Bistol. The record shows that it was there Jenner heard a dairymaid say, " I shall never have smallpox for I have had cowpox. I shall never have an ugly pockmarked face." While Jenner 's interest in the effects of cowpox began during his apprenticeshire with George Harwickle, it wasn 't until 1796 before he made the first step in a long process of smallpox would be exposed. Jenner
Jenner’s discovery of the link between cowpox and smallpox was significant to the development of a vaccine for smallpox. However, it can be argued that Jenner and his discovery were not enough on their own to bring medical progress. The factors Scientific thinking, Government Communication and Changing attitudes played a major and important role to bring medical progress.
One of the major health event happen in the 1800s is when Edward Jenner, a english doctor create vaccination to cure smallpox. Edward jenner was born in may 17 1749 and died on january 26 1823 at the age of 74 from a massive stroke. He have safe many life. Smallpox is a contagious viral disease. It cause fever and left scar. Before smallpox is being cure over 400,000 unlucky people die each year from it. SmallPox have been all over the place in the old days. It was first being seen in china in the 4th century.It being said that every 3 out of 10 people died from it and who ever survive will have scar left on them. He thought of the idea when he know a dairymaid who said “i shall never have smallpox for i have had cowpox. I shall never
The first vaccinations were made by an Edward Jenner, who made a vaccine for smallpox; The disease was later eradicated because of the precautions of the vaccine. Although it is not mandated by the US, it is still strongly advised. People who are for vaccinations say that, “vaccination is safe and one of the greatest health developments of the 20th century. They point out
Edward Jenner, the British doctor who developed the first vaccine, made vaccines acceptable around the world, made the eradication of smallpox possible, and assisted in the discovery of the disease agent known as the virus (Porter 272; Youngerman 17). One day in May 1796 met a dairymaid named Sarah Nelmes, who had a smallpox lesion on her hand (King 3). He used the matter from her lesion to inoculate an eight-year-old boy named James Phipps, leaving with a mild reaction for only nine days (King 3). Later, Jenner inoculated James again, but this time with smallpox matter: “No disease developed, and protection was complete” (King 3).The benefits of Jenner’s vaccine were immeasurable: a vaccinated person was incapable of spreading the disease, rashes were extremely rare, and death was considered to be in the “rarest of circumstances” (Greenspan 9). Getting the Jenner’s results published was no piece of cake. The prestigious Royal Society even informed him that he should not “promulgate such a wild idea if he valued his reputation” (Greenspan 9). However, later Jenner received many honors and worldwide recognition for his efforts, but he was so zealous in his works that his private life severely suffered (King 4-5). President Thomas Jefferson wrote the following letter to Jenner in
According to the World Health Organization, a vaccine boosts the body’s immunity to a particular disease through the administration of an agent that resembles the disease-causing microbe, which is often composed of the diluted or dead microbe, its toxins or proteins. The agent rouses the immune system identifying it as foreign, destroys it, and then remembers it so that the immune system can easily recognize and destroy these same microbes in the event it encounters it again. It is often said that the first successful vaccine was developed, introduced and administered in 1796 by Edward Jenner to prevent the spread of smallpox. However, evidence points out that the inoculation of smallpox existed in China in 1000 C.E. and was later practiced
The smallpox outbreak that led to the discovery of the smallpox vaccine, and the eventual success of smallpox eradication are remarkable achievements in medical, epidemiological as well as the public health history. Smallpox is one of the most devastating and fatal infectious diseases that plagued the earth, killing 3 out 10 infected persons and leaving survivors with permanent scars, and loss of vision in some. An astute observation of his patients, led Edward Jenner to the development of the smallpox vaccine in 1796 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016; Theves, Biagini, & Crubezy, 2014). A lesson learned from this feat is that vaccines can help eliminate infectious pathogens through immunization. Immunization is a proven
Immunization, as of today, is widely different from the methods of immunization used hundreds of years ago. Buddhist monks swallowed snake venom to receive immunity to snake bites, and variolation, the act of spreading cowpox infected skin on non-infected skin to gain immunity to smallpox, was exercised in China during the 1600s. In 1796, after injecting a 13-year-old-boy with vaccinia virus(cowpox) and validated immunity to cowpox, Edward Jenner is acknowledged as the founder of vaccinology. The first smallpox vaccine was produced in the year of 1798. Over the course of the 1700s and the 1800s, smallpox was eradicated due to the efficient application worldwide, which led to the vaccine being eradicated in 1979 (Immunization Advisory Centre).
When he became a physician, he heard a milkmaid say, “I shall never have smallpox for I have had cowpox.” These words inspired Jenner. In 1796, he found a dairy maikd who had fresh cowpox lesions on her arms. Using the scabs from the dairy maid’s cowpox lesions arms he variolated an eight-year-old boy. Then he once-again variolated an eight-year-old boy with the smallpox scabs. After he was variolated by the smallpox scabs, he did not develop the disease. Edward Jenner decided to call this method “vaccination”. The word stems from “vacca”, the latin word for cow. The invention of this vaccination was extremely important because it protected one against smallpox, without getting severe rashes, as well as the advantage of not being
On May 14th, 1796, Edward Jenner, an English country doctor from Gloucestershire, took fluid from a cowpox blister and scratched it into the skin of 8 year old James Phipps. A blister rose up on the spot, but it soon dissipated. On July 1st, 1796, Jenner introduced the boy to smallpox matter, but no symptoms or disease ensued. This was the birth of vaccinations.
In 1796, Edward Jenner created a vaccine developed from the cowpox virus. He then gave this vaccine to a 13-year-old boy who was suffering from smallpox. The boy became immune to the smallpox disease and Jenner was named the founding father of vaccinations. After his discovery, vaccines were later created for Cholera, Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis, and Polio (“A Brief History”).
Around the 10th century, people have put their effort in preventing the smallpox, since it has contributed to a large number of deaths that time. However, it failed to gain popularity because the technology has not developed until that stage and soon after that, they had lost interest in eradicating the smallpox disease. Jenner started gaining interest on the safe effects of Cowpox when he became the apprentice of George Harwicke, with whom he received much knowledge of the surgical and medical practice. He thought that dairymaids could not be infected by smallpox because they had suffered from cowpox. Therefore, Jenner concluded that Cowpox could be injected into another person to keep them from having smallpox. He experimented it with a young
Edward Jenner created the first vaccines in 1798. He developed a vaccine to protect against small pox. Due to Edward Jenner’s vaccination, other scientists began to create vaccines for other disease like Typhoid, Rabies, and the Plague. With vaccines production climbing, the
The procedure of vaccination was utilized by Chinese doctors as a part of the tenth century. It was Edward Jenner, a specialist in Berkeley, United Kingdom, who built up the system by presenting material from a cowpox vesicle on Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid, into the arm of a infant named James Phipps. After two months he vaccinated the infant with smallpox and the disability did not create. In 1798, Jenner distributed "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vacciniae" which authored the term “vaccination” and created far reaching interest. He recognized "genuine" and "spurious" cowpox and built up an "arm-to-arm" strategy for spreading the vaccine from the inoculated individual 's pustule. Although there was a controversy within the medical occupation and religious conflict to the use of animal material, by 1801, his report was translated into six languages and over 100,000 people were vaccinated. From that point forward, vaccination battles have spread all through the globe, now and then endorsed by law or regulations (Stern & Markel, 2005).
Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinations, in 1796 Jenner inoculated a 13 year old boy vaccinia virus (cowpox) and demonstrated a immunity to the small pox virus. The first official smallpox vaccine was created in 1978, over the 18th and 19th century the immunizing of the masses lead to the global eradication of the smallpox by 1979. Before 1995 when the chicken pox vaccine was licensed millions people were annually infected and would in turn be hospitalized and in some cases people would die from