Octanol-1 Lab Report

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

The oxidation number of an atom of any free element is ZERO. Means to say there is only one kind of atom present, no charge.

2. (5 pts) List and explain the names and affiliations of the various characters/stakeholders in this story – I’m looking for us to use the story to map out the complexities that are generally associated with solving public health puzzles – the stakeholders you list and explain here should apply to many of the cases we consider going forward.

It was desired to compare a theoretical value of enthalpy of combustion to a literature value. To do this, the theoretical value was calculated using a literature value for the heat of sublimation of naphthalene, the heat of vaporization of water and average bond energies, given in Table 1 of the lab packet.1 Equations (1) and (5) were used to calculate the theoretical enthalpy of combustion of gaseous naphthalene, where n was the number of moles, m was the number of bonds, and ΔH was the average bond energy:

In this experiment, the main objective was to synthesize a ketone from borneol via an oxidation reaction and secondly, to produce a secondary alcohol from camphor via a reduction reaction. Therefore, the hypothesis of this lab is that camphor will be produced in the oxidation reaction and isoborneol will be the product of the reduction reaction because of steric hindrance. For the oxidation step, a reflux will be done and then a microscale reflux for the reduction step. The products will be confirmed using Infrared spectroscopy, the chromic acid test, 2,4-DNP test and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results of this

The differences are so significantly between n-pentane and 1-butanol is due to the different strengths of their molecular attractions. 1-butanol has hydrogen bonds between its its molecules and n-pentane does not. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest among all the bonds. The strength of attraction between forces is in direct relation to the speed of evaporation. The molecules with the strongest attraction take the longest to evaporate.

Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.

For instance, pentan-1-ol, the alcohol utilised to synthesis 1-pentyl ethanoate, is relatively flammable due to the hydroxyl functional group attached to the molecule. Therefore, in order to prevent severe burns, a laboratory coat and safety glasses were worn. The experiment was additionally performed whilst standing up, so that if the aliquot of pentan-1-ol ignited,

The purpose of the experiment is to oxidize a secondary alcohol (2-octanol) by using sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to produce 2-octanone. The starting material consisted of a sample of 2-octanol that was placed into a three-neck flask along with acetic acid and acetone creating an acidic solution. While monitoring temperature fluctuations to ensure a temperature of 400 Celsius was not reached, sodium hypochlorite slowly dripped from a separatory funnel into the acidic solution. Once this reaction reached its entirety, the solution was combined with sodium bisulfate to remove any of the remaining oxidizing agent. This solution was then tested and brought to a neutral pH using a sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction material was extracted using ether and was then washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution. The organic solution was then dried using magnesium sulfate and was then decanted and placed onto the rotovap. The produced weighed .599g and based on the infrared spectrum analysis (see Figure 1) preformed on the product it was determined to be 86.1% 2-octanol, which means .516g of 2-octanol was obtained in the final product.

Introduction Alcohols are characterized by the functional group 'hydroxyl' (-OH). Throughout history, alcohols have been used as a fuel. The first four aliphatic alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol) are of interest as fuels because they can be synthesized chemically, and they have characteristics which allow them to be used in internal combustion engines. The general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. (Wilkinson and McNaught, 1997, pg 1312)

Introduction: Many model organisms have been used in order to advance human medicine. The primary one being the lab mouse, but there are several other different species that give rise to advancements in human treatment. Planaria and axolotls have been a prominent source of how signaling mechanisms work in order to regenerate parts in eukaryotic organisms. If researchers can figure out how to turn these signaling pathways on in the conserved regeneration part of the human genome, then doctors will likely be able to use this to their advantage. This can be achieved by manipulating human signaling pathways to regenerate tissues within the heart, lungs, nervous system, and even systems with multiple tissue types like the limbs. This is where the study of axolotls comes in.

To further improve this percentage, it is recommended that insulation techniques be carried out on top of the copper rod conduction method to improve efficiency. Insulation is important as it further aids in containing the heat produced from combustion. Further allowing more reliable testing. Testing the enthalpy for control with just an aluminum can using tert butanol produced a low efficiency of 16%. While testing again with tert butanol with the copper increased the efficiency by 32.54% above the control. This shows that the insulation/conduction worked. The method of investigation took into account various variables such as the amount of water, height of retort stand and so on to further increase the validity of the investigation. The only thing in the method which would further improve validity would be to create a way in which to stop the flame from burning right after a five minute testing period per alcohol. This is because valuable grams of alcohol were burnt whilst the can was lifted out of the shroud, in order to place the cap back

Various experiments were carried out with varying mole ratio of octanol to vinyl acetate for determining effect of substrate on percent conversion. Fig. 4 shows that concentration of octanol to vinyl acetate varies as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 where concentration of octanol was kept constant. It was delineated that with an increase in concentration of vinyl acetate rate of reaction and percent conversion increases. At a mole ratio of 1:2 the highest percent conversion of 97.31 % was achieved in 20 min, where further increase in quantity of vinyl acetate did not showed any significant change in conversion. In alternative set of experiment, effect of concentration of octanol on rate of reaction was also studied by keeping amount of vinyl acetate constant.

The results that were revealed were thought to be accurate and reliable as many factors were controlled to enable the best quality. The results that a constant rise in the combustion occurred as each alcohol’s carbon chain increased with one exception indicates that the reliability of this experiment has to be examined. With such a high percentage error from these results means they cant be definitive. Also only three trials were conducted on the five different alcohols. If the experiment were to be conducted again I would conduct five trials on each alcohol to get a better average.

This essay will first discuss the advantages of using corn ethanol as the main source of fuel in the future, such as the renewable features of corn itself, and the benefits of using corn ethanol as an additive of gasoline instead of using gasoline alone. However, everything has its strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the second part of the essay will discuss some of the weaknesses in applying the fuel into practical usage. For example, corn ethanol currently encounters technical limitations serving itself as a standalone fuel, meaning that corn ethanol can only function by combining itself with a certain amount of gasoline, while gasoline is a kind of fossil fuel. Lastly, this essay will conduct a comparison with other renewable resources in the world, including solar power, other biofuels, and hydrogen fuel.