Olfactory Synthesis

Smell, on the other hand, is the sense that comes from odor molecules attaching to the olfactory nerve. Air carries the odor into the nose. Then odor contacts the olfactory nerves at the top of the nasal passages. The the olfactory nerves send a signal to the olfactory bulb of the brain, and the nerve sends a signal to the front of the brain. The forebrain translates the signals of the odor into a specific smell (Swindle, Mark).

These receptors record on a extensive form of sensory modalities including changes in temperature, stress, touch, sound, mild, style, odor, physique and limb actions, and even blood pressure and chemistry. Scientists have recognized for nearly a hundred thirty years that distinct afferent nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous procedure are in contact with specialized non neural receptive buildings which realize and transmit sensory knowledge from the periphery to the Central Nervous System. The non neural receptive structure in conjunction with its afferent nerve fiber is mainly called a

Activators of Adenylate Cyclase would cause production of cAMP, which is a second messenger. This would amplify the signal and increase the extent of the scent.

Decreased interest in olfaction may be related to early work which contrasted varying levels of olfactory abilities among animals, highlighting primates as deficient in this sense. In Turner’s 1891 paper The Convolutions of the Brain, he proposed a classification of Mammalia into three groups 1) Anasmotics, where the organs of smell are absent and included dolphins and whales, 2) Macrosmatics, defined by animals with a highly developed sense of smell and included ungulates, carnivores and most mammals, and 3) Microsmatics where the sense of smell is “feeble” as in pinnipeds, some whales, and apes and man. This idea of apes and humans, indeed, primates in general having a poor sense of smell was corroborated by Negus in 1958 and Le

Air (oxygen) is inhaled into the body by the nose. The air is warmed filtered and moistured in the nasal cavity as the air needs to be cleaned before passing it along to the pharynx. Mucous is held in the sinus cavity. With the joint help from the mucous and the tiny hairs in the nose our nose ensures that the air is cleared of pathogens so that the air is clean to move on to the pharynx. The tiny hairs in the nose causes us to sneeze resulting in pathogens that may have been inhaled to be sneezed out and released back into the atmosphere.

Cells detect signals with Cell Receptors on their plasma membrane. The signalling molecule binds to the Receptor because its shape and chemical complexity. This then activates a chain of reactions within the cell, leading to a range of different responses. Cells have a mechanism that allows

Altering the rate and depth of ventilation regulates partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. Peripheral chemoreceptors, located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies, and central chemoreceptors, located in the medulla oblongata, monitor the partial pressures of the blood gases. Peripheral chemoreceptors respond to changes in the partial pressure of arterial oxygen, and to a lesser extend the arterial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH. Sensing the pressure of carbon dioxide stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors to join in a circuit with the central chemoreceptors to alter ventilation. Central receptors respond to changes in pH levels in the cerebral spinal fluid. Carbon dioxide combines with water across

Biologists have long realized that the noses of most vertebrates actually contain two sensory channels. The first is the familiar olfactory system, which humans possess. The second channel is the vomeronasal complex, a system that has its own separate organs, nerves, and connecting structures in the brain. The function of the vomeronasal system is the detection of pheromones, chemical messengers that carry information between individuals of the same species. It was widely believed (as I found in some of the older texts I examined) that humans had long ago discarded this sensory system

Humans have different sensory receptor types such as taste, smell and touch. The structure that does the majority of smelling for people is the nasal cavity with the epithelial lining receiving the actual signals. Taste is received by the tastebuds in the mouth, and this structure receives the signals directly. Proprioceptors measure the degree of muscle stretch within the body. the primary examples of these are annulospiral nerve endings, and spray

In insects, the olfactory receptor neurons are located on the appendages, specifically, the antennae. In the presence of an ordant, the receptor proteins bind with the specific chemical and participate in a conformational change which

The nose, as an organ initiating reflexes affecting itself and the rest of the body, and as a target organ of control, is highly complex. Its innervation includes parasympathetic, sympathetic, sensory/afferent, and somatic motor nerves, which combine in a variety of morphologic pathways. The vasculature of the nose contains capacitance vessels such as sinusoids and distensible venules, as well as arteriovenous anastomoses, arterioles, capillaries, and venules. The secretory tissue of the nose includes epithelial cells, submucosal glands, and relatively large anterior or lateral serous glands; in addition, some species have specialized secretory glands. The nose is the source of many powerful reflexes, including the diving response, sneeze and sniff reflexes, and reflexes affecting autonomic nervous function to the cardiovascular system, airways in the lungs, the larynx, and other organs.

The first reason that this statement is false is because there is a large number of genes dedicated to olfactory sense. Shubin states that 3 percent of a genome is for olfactory sense. This is a large percentage of the entire genome to have dedicated to one thing when looking at all of the things a genome needs to code for (gender, height, eye color, hair color, ect.). Having this many genes coding for the sense of smell suggests that this sense is very important for an organism's survival, or that it was at one point in time. The second part of this statement is also false because, although the number of olfactory genes is the same in all organisms capable of detecting smell, olfactory genes are not the same in all organisms. This is known

The sensory nerves located in the oropharynx, sends messages to the medulla oblongata via cranial nerves (trigeminal and glossopharyngeal nerves). The medulla oblongata comprises the swallowing center, known as the deglutition center. The bolus of food is processed from the oral cavity to the

The MOB receives sensory input from the main olfactory receptors and project to the lateralolfactory tract(NLOT),the anterior cortical nucleus(CAN),and the posteriolateral cortical amygdaloid nucleus(PLCN)

T F 1. Generally when one loses his/her sense of smell, he/she also loses the sense