Optimal Spatial Design Of Capacity And Quantity Of Rainwater Harvesting Systems For Urban Flood Mitigation

These tasks go hand and hand with the City Public Works Drainage Division which administrates permits, and is responsible for the implementation and the execution of stormwater best management practices through the use of various resources such as personnel, and medium and heavy equipment. Public Works maintains more than 350 miles of storm sewer drainage system within the City and approximately 150 miles of drainage ditches and thousands of storm water inlets. Public Works crews work continually throughout the year removing trash and debris, mowing drainage ditches, vacuuming stormwater inlets, as well as other tasks to maintain a healthy drainage infrastructure. Unfortunately, the City is faced with the challenges of sustaining its extensive MS4 program and existing drainage infrastructure due to the lack of additional financial resources. Certain sections of the City’s drainage system are more than 50 years old and deteriorating. As the City continues to grow and expand, the need for repairs, retrofitting and maintaining the City’s existing infrastructure is as equally important as creating new capital projects.

“Every homeowner should consider a rain garden to decrease the amount of pollutants running into the watershed” (Morris 305).

A spokesperson for the Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources states that water collection is subject to existing water rights per NRS 533.030. The interpretation is that you cannot collect water in rain barrels without the benefit of a "water right". However, the spokesperson goes on to say that the Division of Water Resources does not police nor will they police rain

Storm water is a great danger to the environment because it does not receive any treatment before entering waterways. A storm can overload the system, causing it to reach its max capacity. The water treatment plant is then forced to let the overflowing, untreated, water dump into the river. This leads to an almost opaque water, like that found in the Puget Sound. There is an average of 900 billion gallons of untreated sewage water entering larger bodies of water each year in the United States (Barnett). The rain that falls on surfaces drains into bodies of water through storm water collection systems, usually, without treatment. There is a strong relationship between concrete thickness and imperviousness in residential areas, leading researchers to believe that roads create impervious surfaces. When rain down the streets and rooftops, it absorbs all the harmful materials from those surfaces and flows into the major bays and the Puget Sound. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates the remodeling of the aging water system would cost between $300 billion to $1 trillion over the next 20 years (Barnett).

Team 2 has considered a variety of factors including *cultural and technological appropriateness, geography, local economics, material availability and safety. Six draft designs were generated, each adhering to the brief and a potential for a successful water filtration device. The designs were judged and eliminated on certain criteria; for example, Plan 3 consisted of a device which could be flipped, the caught debris acting as another filtration layer. Although Plan 3 was cost effective and time

(Hasan and Özay 2002, 73-74). As Albiac (2008) reports, development of pipe network distribution and drip irrigation methods in other countries led the farmers to have remarkable irrigation efficiency in drought (143). Such technologies have already been used in China, but they are not widely spread in China’s agriculture. One investigation in China on rice paddy irrigation systems development was performed and it revealed that using the fry-foot paddy irrigation (when no water flooded the field) instead of flooding irrigation (when the rice field is completely flooded) significantly (40-60%) reduces water consumption (Xiaoping, Qiangsheng and Bin 2004, 351). Furthermore, drip irrigation method was applied in arid Northern China and it raised the water usage efficiency (Du et al 2007). However, introduction of new irrigation technologies faced some difficulties in China. As Hodstedt (2010) noticed in his article, the water saved by these technologies such as drip irrigation systems was simply spent on more food production and, therefore, did not reduce the water shortage. Also, as he reported, this caused two other environmental problems. Firstly, the water, which was the supply for underground water and aquifers as it was lost by deep percolation and leakage, became unavailable after the water-saving technologies were introduced and this strengthened the aquifers depleting along with its overpumping. Secondly, after

of torriential rain that taxed the city's draingage system and may have broken down some of the

Another reason for this scientific assumption is that the Downtown area, which is inundated with impervious covered surfaces, will produce runoff, especially in the event of a flash flood, and will meet in this same area along Clearwater River near Ralston (Keller, 2008, p. 269).

By inspecting most prevailing storm water treatment arrangements of different area, it is found that in 78% cases, we are not actually treating the storm water. We are only planning to discharge the storm water to natural water bodies, without treating. Somehow in remaining cases, the above-mentioned techniques and many more like this have serious limitations. They generally need a large area which is not possible in urban regions. Maintenance is also tedious and costly. As research, technology, and information transfer have improved over recent years, alternative approaches are being sought by the public and regulators to reduce the environmental impacts from new development and redevelopment. Developers and designers are also seeking alternatives to expedite permitting processes, reduce construction costs, reduce long-term operation and maintenance costs, and increase property values. Numerous manufacturers have developed proprietary devices to treat storm water runoff.

In Chicago in 2009, there were over 2,220 rain barrels/downspout disconnections. This the calculated would lead to over 8,281,000 gallons of stormwater were diverted from combined system annually. This means that the city of Chicago was able to use these very simple and inexpensive stormwater mitigation methods to greatly reduce the amount of stormwater that the city was producing. Rain barrels and cisterns are a stormwater prevention system that the property owners in the metro can and already have started to incorporate into their properties.

Water-related problems are often multidimensional. Finding the right solution requires a comprehensive understanding of various government programs (e.g. NFIP, TMDL, MS4, etc.) as well as complex technical topics. Streams Tech, Inc. excels at solving water-related problems. Our deep expertise ranges across topics like urban water infrastructure, floodplain management, water quality, stormwater, watershed management, GIS, and hydropower systems. Our staff is extremely proficient in acquiring, processing, and analyzing data; adapting and applying appropriate hydrologic, hydraulic, or water quality models; and planning and designing the most suitable solutions for our clients. Our unique ability to efficiently process

Tim Baird is a landscape architecture professor at Penn state university. What I learned from Tim Baird presentation is how he solve flooding problems in different regions. First he design the Guadalupe River Park in San Jose, CA. The river use to flood most of the land and out of control. Now the water is contained by these step structures on the banks of the river so the water won’t over flow on to the land. He also link up with engineers on how to direct water within the landscape. He created mounds in the landscape so water can flow towards a certain direction. Second design is the Sloping Green Roof that is located in Boston. When it rains the water flows on an angel on top of the roof as oppose to flat roof where water would not move

The aged, worn, and undersized drainage system, consisting of hundreds of feet of reinforced concrete pipe, allowing flow under the runways and taxiways, resulted in stormwater accumulation in and around the runway and entire airfield, during larger events. When a large amount of standing water is on the runway and an aircraft goes through it, it can move a large amount of water

In addition, most of the rainwater tank in rural area of Cambodia are elevated rainwater tank and ground level water tank. Both rainwater tanks use the force of gravity to transport water by pipework to nearby houses. Main reason of using gravity force for water transportation due to it low maintanence and running cost. In addition the level of services also consistence due to low maintannece needs. Therefore for elevated rainwater tank, the foundation normally is built with four reinforced concrete tower elevated between 4m up to 9m. For ground water tank, its foundation is built 700mm above the ground level to provide sufficient

Water purification and a wastewater treatment plants would be necessary in order to provide the citizens and visitors with clean healthy water. To prevent flooding, this city was built on flood plains.