Outline: Chlorine Breaks Down Into Free Radicals

1. Which reactants used in this experiment are flammable? Discuss the safety precautions that are necessary when working with flammable materials in the lab?

The light reactions also generate ATP by using chemiosmosis through a process called photosphorylation. The light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of two compounds, which are NADPH and ATP. The Calvin cycle occurs with the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules in carbon fixation. In this process, the fixed carbon is reduced with electrons provided by NADPH. The Calvin cycle takes place during daylight hours, in which the NADPH and ATP can be provided. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, while the light reactions occur in the thylakoids.

Not all combustion reactions involve organic compounds made of carbon and hydrogen (nonorganic compounds), which means that the products are not always

After eight hours of working with the chlorine in unventilated areas, kenny went home and fell ill. He was rushed to the hospital and placed in an oxygen tent. His lungs had been burned by the chemicals. His body was covered with blisters. (Schlosser, 188).

The free radical chlorination of 1-chlorobutane resulted in a mixture of at least 4 different possible products from the reaction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry helped in figuring out which of the products are most abundant in the sample product created as well as in discovering the ratio of relative reactivities of the hydrogens. This experiment showed that the ratio of relative reactivities was found to be 1.0 : 3.5 : 6.2 : 2.4, which indicates that the secondary hydrogens are more reactive than the primary hydrogens and that reactivity further increases the further away the hydrogen is from the chlorine on the 1-chlorobutane. The results agree with the conjecture that the primary hydrogens are less reactive than

The sleeper cell coordinates the attack incorporating lessons learned from previous arrests of failed terrorist plots worldwide. The sleepers know the purchase of pressure cookers will draw attention to themselves. To solve this problem, the machinists produce the pressure cookers and pipes for the chlorine attack. Chlorine was selected because it is easier to acquire from the HAZMAT driver. The increased pandemonium, injury, and possible death caused by chlorine meets the sleeper cell’s intent. Chlorine is a choking agent and according to Shea (2013), “…choking agents act on the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing and, potentially, permanent lung damage” (p. 5). The sleeper cell desires a high concentration of chlorine in the attack, causing

The fact that it is extremely stable makes it possible for CFC to slowly make it way up into the stratosphere. This prolonged life in the atmosphere allows CFC to reach great altitudes where photons are more energetic. When the CFCs come into contact with these high energy photons, their individual components are freed from the whole. Because Chlorine acts as a catalyst it is able to destroy so much of the ozone layer Chlorine then initiates the breakdown of ozone and combines with a freed oxygen to create two oxygen molecules.After the reaction, chlorine will be able to begins the cycle over and over again with another ozone molecule. With this reaction, chlorine is able to destroy thousand of ozone layer. Because the ozone molecules are being broken down they are unable to absorb any ultraviolet light so we experience more intense UV radiation at the earth's

The initial reactants are hydrogen fluoride and dimethyl ether in a 1:1 ratio [1]. There is hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen fluoride molecules, between the fluorine in the hydrogen fluoride molecules and the methyl groups on dimethyl, and between the methyl groups and the oxygen atom in dimethyl ether [1]. The first bond broken is the covalent bond between hydrogen and fluorine [2&3]. The fluorine atom takes both of the electrons from the hydrogen because it is more electronegative, leaving the hydrogen atoms as naked protons with a charge of +1 [4]. Each fluorine atom is now an anion with a complete valence shell of electrons and a charge of -1 [5]. Simultaneous, the transient hydrogen ion collides with and covalently bonds with the

The major harmful effects of free radicals include oxidative stress and nitrosative death. Oxidative death is caused by ROS and nitrosative death by RNS. When the cells are unable to maintain the state of ‘Redox Homeostasis’ (keeping equilibrium between the beneficial and harmful effects of free radicals) it causes oxidative stress through the generation of ROS (12) and resultant oxidative injury. Potential biological damage happens when there is an overproduction of ROS and RNS and a down regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Since ROS owns impact of powerful oxidizing agents, they interfere with the expression of a number of genes involved in the activation of signal transduction cascades (13, 14), apoptosis (15,16) etc.

We can find Chlorine atom in group 7 of the periodic table. From the other side, the hydrogen atom has 1 electron in its outer shell so it needs to lose it to be stable. Hydrogen can form just 1 bond, so hydrogen atom will share its 1 electron with a chlorine atom to form one covalent bond and form a hydrogen chloride molecule which has (HCl) formula. When the two electrons share together in both atoms the shells touch when we count the electron in a hydrogen we will count it as 2 electrons in its outer shell and the chlorine atom can count 8 electrons in its outer

Chlorine is used in medicine to treat disorders. One reason is because of its ability to disinfect. A disinfectant is a chemical liquid that destroys bacteria. Disinfectants work by oxidizing complex molecules that appear on the surface of the bacteria, disturbing their cell walls and causing the proteins on the surface to become permanently damaged. This process only takes a matter of seconds directly after the disinfectant is applied. Disinfectants are used in medicine to help control the spread of bacteria from person to person to limit infections. Chlorine is one disinfectant that is used. Kehr (2015) informed that in medicine, chlorine is used to create chlorine dioxide. Chlorine dioxide is made from sodium chlorite, or stabilized oxygen

Free radicals are molecules that are very reactive to cellular structures because they have unpaired electrons. Free radicals naturally develop from biological reactions in the body - immune system responses, like when your body fights off sickness, or metabolic processes, such as breaking down glucose. Free radicals can be found almost anywhere; medicine, food, air. Some things nearly guaranteed to contain it would be fried food, tobacco, alcohol, pollutants from the air.

chlorine is a chemical element, its roughly basic ( 90 ). Naturally chemically reactive, chlorines is combined with other elements and compounds has been used to produce essential products. Chlorine was discovered in 1774, by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele, he observed a greenish gas when he combined manganese dioxide and hydrochloric acid. Carl Wilhelm Scheele thought the gas contained oxygen. Carl didn’t realize that had generated an unknown chemical element. In 1810 a British scientist called Sir Humphrey Davey identified the gas as a distinct chemical element and he was the one who called it “chlorine”. Chlorine is a naturally reactive chemical element that can bond readily with any other substances to form a vast array of a useful compound. Chlorine has a melting point of 155.6 degree ( c ) and boils at 100.1 degree (c ). It may be produced by the direction of its elements at 225 degree ( c ). The symbol of chlorine in the periodic table is ( CI ) and its atomic number is 17 while it has a mass of 35.4527amu. people uses chlorine mostly in water in specific in swimming pools. This essay will talk about why do people use chlorine in the swimming pool and the disadvantages of chlorine and how it affects the human body.

Studies have shown that it is not the chlorine that causes damage to our health, but rather chlorine’s byproducts. Dioxins, which are an unwanted byproduct of industrial production that uses chlorine, are the most harmful human carcinogens studied (Thornton, 1997). When chlorine is added to our water supply, it immediately kills many to all of the organisms living in the water. However, it also reacts with any organic material in the water such as leaves, twigs, or dirt chemically producing byproducts called trihalomethanes, or THMs. THMs consist of four chemicals: chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane. Dibromochloromethane is already classified as a possible known human carcinogen and has been proven to cause cancer in laboratory animals (Times Union, 1996).

Chlorine is a common yet fundamental chemicals used in modern day pools. Its unique properties makes it’s a common chemical used to sterilise pools, killing microorganisms and bacteria, rendering them oxidised and harmless. A reaction take place when chlorine is added to a water, forming hypochlorous acid (HOCL), Water and Cl- ions.