Reactive To Cellular Structures: Free Radicals

With all living organisms, a process known as cell respiration is integral in order to provide the body with an essential form of energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Oxygen, although an essential part of this process, can form reactants from colliding with electrons associated with carrier molecules. (pb101.rcsb.org, 2017). Hydrogen peroxide is an integral product of this reaction but is known to impose negative effects on the body if high levels are introduced. Explicitly, this reaction is caused “If oxygen runs into (one of these) carrier molecules, the electron may be accidentally transferred to it. This converts oxygen into dangerous compounds such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which can attack the delicate sulphur atoms and metal ions in proteins.” (pdbh101.rcb.org, 2017). Research has suggested that the hydrogen peroxide can be converted into hydroxyl radicals, known to mutate DNA, which can potentially cause bodily harm due to DNA’s role in the synthesis of proteins. These radicals can cause detrimental effects on the human body, and studies have suggested a link to ageing. Due to the harmful effects of these H2o2, it is important that the body finds a way to dispose of hydrogen peroxide before concentrations are too great.

The free radical chlorination of 1-chlorobutane resulted in a mixture of at least 4 different possible products from the reaction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry helped in figuring out which of the products are most abundant in the sample product created as well as in discovering the ratio of relative reactivities of the hydrogens. This experiment showed that the ratio of relative reactivities was found to be 1.0 : 3.5 : 6.2 : 2.4, which indicates that the secondary hydrogens are more reactive than the primary hydrogens and that reactivity further increases the further away the hydrogen is from the chlorine on the 1-chlorobutane. The results agree with the conjecture that the primary hydrogens are less reactive than

What are free radicals? Free radicals happen when bonds split in an unusual way, causing the molecule to be left with an unpaired electron. These molecules are very reactive, due to their instability, which leads them to steal electrons from other molecules in order to become stable. When a free radical steals an electron from another molecule, this causes the molecule, whose electron was stole from, to become a free radical. Through this process, is how a chain reaction is caused, which can lead to damage of an entire cell, or area of the body.

Reduction of an electron from ring C in ANT causes to formation of free radical semiquinone. This radical is partly stable in anoxic environment but under normoxic condition, its unpaired electron is given to oxygen and superoxide radicals are formed. Appropriate flavoproteins such as complex I catalyses reduced semiquinone radicals by accepting electrons from NADH or NADPH and delivering them to ANT. This sequence of reactions are known as “redox cycling” that can be very deterious (dangerous) because low amount of ANT is adequate for formation of many superoxide radicals (67). This radical damage triggers production of highly toxic aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MAD). These aldehydes can diffuse easily in the cell and even from cell membrane

Free-radical chain reactions involve the formation of halides and alkyl halides by reacting diatomic halogens with reactive hydrogens attached to hydrocarbons. In this experiment, diatomic bromine was reacted with various arenes to produce hydrobromic acid and alkyl halides. The mechanism behind this reaction can be characterized by three distinct phases: initiation, propagation, and termination. During the initiation step, bromine radicals are produced via thermal or photochemical homolysis. These bromine radicals then react with hydrogens attached to a hydrocarbon in the propagation step to produce hydrobromic acid and a carbon radical. The chain reaction continues since the carbon radical formed can react with another diatomic bromine molecule, producing a carbon-bromine bond and regenerating a bromine radical. The termination step ends the reaction by reacting two bromine radicals with each other, lowering the concentration of highly reactive bromine radicals in solution.

Fundamentally, free radicals are a natural occurrence in cells, however, excess free radicals can attack DNA. Young cells are able to produce substances called antioxidants to defend organelles, but with time this process declines in efficiency (Finkel et al., 2016). One of the free radicals produced in the inner mitochondrial membrane is called superoxide. It is eventually converted into one of the most damaging forms of free radicals called the hydroxyl radical (Bratic and Larsson, 2013). In younger cells this free radical would typically get destroyed so that it wouldn’t accumulate in the cell. However, the mitochondria’s

Anti-oxidants are substances capable to mop up free radicals and prevent them from causing cell damage. Free radicals are responsible for causing a wide number of health problems which include cancer, aging, heart diseases, gastric problems etc. A free radical is an atom or molecule with a single unpaired electron. Examples: Nitric oxide (.NO), superoxide (O2.-) hydroxyl radical (.OH), lipid peroxy radical (LOO.). Although, molecular oxygen (O2) has two unpaired electrons in two different orbitals, it is not a free radical (23). After donating an electron, an antioxidant becomes a free radical by definition. In this state, antioxidants are not harmful because they have the ability to accommodate the change in electrons without becoming reactive

A free radical is a molecule with a missing or extra electron in its valence shell and will separate a different molecule in order to create a full outer ring of electrons. The part of the molecule that is split and unbonded with the previous free radical becomes a free radical and will continue the process. This process contains three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination. The initiation phase occurs when a stable molecule is separated into two free radicals. Propagation occurs after initiation and describes when the free radicals break apart other molecules and create additional free radicals in order to gain a stable outer shell. Free radicals are able to break apart bonded molecules in this way because of their high reactivity

The thinking goes that if you don't have enough antioxidants in your diet, free radicals are able to damage the body and bring increases in LDL and

Reactive oxygen species: 1. Chemically reactive forms of oxygen. Can be a natural end product of the metabolism of oxygen. Can help in homeostasis and cell signaling. 2. “Reactive Oxygen Species.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 14 Apr. 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species.

Free radical pathology and oxidation anxiety has a long history of research behind it, turned out to be a reason for maturing. The support of focused, fibrous tissue organs is maintained by FGF. This incorporates the heart, skin, cerebrum, muscle-skeletal framework and eyes. It's fit for repairing injured tissue. Take the accompanying illustration: FGF's ready to return injured veins or injured nerve tissue to an ordinary state, avoiding future scars or thickening of the cut area. The mending time for most damaged sites is almost cut in half depending factors tho. The re-development with FGF's causes stronghold of the epidermis and circulation underneath the skin brings about far less wrinkles and more advantageous skin.

The processes that take place in the human body is quite amazing especially regarding cell injury. Throughout our lives the body cells continuously experience injury and repair and this is quite a fascinating subject to explore. The big question is what causes these injuries to the cells and what happens to it when it reaches a state of irreparability. All cells in our body sometimes experience stress which can be ranging from mild to severe and thus consequently ending in the injury to the cell.

A free radical is a molecule, or group of molecules, that has one or more unpaired electrons. Most molecules have an even number of electrons and their chemical bond is mad of pairs of electrons that are shared. These free radicals however, are very unstable and can cause damage to cells in the body. Free radicals form when the weak , unstable bonds react with other compounds. They are trying to gain an electron so that it will become stable. Once this electron is grabbed, the stable molecule is left dangling as a free radical. Then, it is like dominoes, causing a chain reaction. They speed up diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and age-related diseases.

Antioxidants are man-made or natural that may prevent some types of cell damage . Antioxidants are found in many foods, including fruits and vegetables, and as dietary supplements. Vegetables and fruits are rich sources of antioxidants. There is good evidence that eating a diet with lots of vegetables and fruits is healthy and lowers risks of certain diseases.

The present study indicated that increase activation ROS, p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38 levels in CA group as compared to sham group at 72h of reperfusion. Compared to CA group, only treatment with inhibitor of p38 induced ROS increased, survival rate and NDS reduced and hippocampal injury while treatment with JNK inhibitor or ERK inhibitor reduced markedly ROS, increased survival rate and NDS and didn’t lead hippocampal cell injury. The results indicated that activation JNK and ERK may be involved in neuronal cell death while activation of p38 may be involved in neuroprotection in rat subjected to CA/CPR.