Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth), is considered as one of the world’s most invasive aquatic weeds because of its abundant availability, remarkable adaptive ability, and massive growth rate (Hu et al., 2015). It is very difficult to eradicate water hyacinth by physical, chemical, and biological means, though a substantial amount is being spent on their control annually throughout the world. Water hyacinth is regarded as an attractive raw material for biofuel production like bioethanol and biohydrogen, (Masto et al., 2013; Buller et al., 2015; Jiu et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2015). Its profilic growth rate, 60–100 ton/ha/year, is also beneficial for its commercial cultivation (Mishima et al., 2008). A study by Huang et al. (2015) has …show more content…
Another study reported the fermentation of its hydrolysate yielded a maximum ethanol concentration of 10.44 g/l using Pichia stipitis, followed by 8.24 and 6.76 g/l for Candida shehatae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Das et al., 2015). Malveaux (1995) reported that at biomass production rate of 0.26 metric tons of dry biomass/ hectare/day under proven growing conditions in Louisiana yielded 9.62 metric tons of dry biomass per day thus producing 2020.2 kg of sugar for an experimental yield of 1131.3 liters of ethanol per day. Additionally, water hyacinth grows at a very rapid rate and contains very high nitrogen content. Therefore it can be a potential feedstock for biogas production. Increased biogas yield has been reported with the mixture of cowdung and water hyacinth slurry than when used alone (El-Shinnawi et al., 1989). A study by Mathew et al. (2014) has reported the biogas yield of 552 l/kg volatile solids (VS) from water hyacinth. Cheng et al. (2011) has claimed the production of 29 mmol CH4/l/d and 38.2 mmol H2/l/day from anaerobic fermentation water hyacinth. Cheng et al. (2006) reported the highest biohydrogen production of 122.3ml/g from water hyacinth by dark fermentation. 5.2. Duckweed Another aquatic weed, Lemna sp. (Duckweed) is also considered as a potential bioenergy feedstock. Duckweed is considered as one of the world’s most abundant and smallest plants. Duckweeds are monocotyledons and have
In studying the problem of hydrilla Florida waterways, it was apparent that management of this invasive species must take an interdisciplinary approach. The economic indicators with the possibility of lost revenue, water usage, and habitat biodiversity drive the need for control. According to Corn, at the federal level there is a need for comprehensive legislature to address invasive species. The current process in reporting an invasive species problem can run into time constraints working through the many agencies to achieve funding. A rapid response is desired to quickly remove the plant before it spreads beyond the ability to control. It is believed that hydrilla is so wide spread today that control can only be achieved through managing feasible levels of it within the limits of funding. Two new integrating approaches are proposed to aid in the goal of reaching sustainable
Each section we added ( ml) of liquids. The null hypothesis that the growth of plants will be at its optimal value with tap water having a neutral Ph. The alternative hypothesis that there will be no change on the growth of plants in different liquids. Introduction:
C. We can conclude that it allowed us to determine that anaerobic distillate, wine distillate and ethanol and water yielded a precipitate and that the ethanol was present. This shows that during ethanol fermentation of yeast, water and corn syrup distillate did not form precipitate, thus no ethanol present which demonstrated that distilled corn syrup and water do not allow for fermentation to take place while wine distillate and the ethanol and water combination does indeed produce
Certain invasive, human-introduced plants are definitely a problem, but some can provide a balance in the ecosystem by providing
crops led to the rise of “superweeds,” which are resistant to the key active ingredient in
Invasive species: out compete American ginseng for limited resources and some will change the soil environment making it unsuitable for
Some would say this is a ‘thirsty crop.’ This process continues to deplete our freshwater sources which would eventually mean a dehydrated world for us beings. Studies show hemp uses a considerably less amount of water finding one grow used around 300-500 litres of water to produce a 1 kg of dry hemp matter in comparison to 20,000 litres of water to produce the same amount of cotton.
Biomass is not the only renewable alternative option for Hawaii, ethanol can also be produced in Hawaii. According Keffer et al.(2009, 253), using
In addition, the plant will convert ocean water from the pacific to clean, pure and natural tap water. The salt from the water will be dumped back in to the Pacific Ocean. We as the state of California have access to 840 miles of coastline adjoining the world’s largest ocean and that is the overwhelming answer to our water shortage problems (Hiltzik). This project will provide a readily available and dependable alternative during severe droughts source of
These weeds thrive on the hops H20 and nutrient intake witch leads the plant to decay and results in major loss in revenue. The most popular way of preventing these weeds is to cultivate them (Turner et al, 20011, p.1648). However, cultivating the weeds can also backfire causing problems with “water quality, soil health, and disease” (Turner et al, 20011, p.1648). Though cultivating has some advantages, there really is not enough research being done on finding a better, more effective way of killing these weeds which is also a sizable concern for upcoming hop
Differentiating the Eimeria spp. causing cecal coccidiosis in turkeys is challenging. To obtain benchmark biological data for Eimeria gallopavonis Hawkins 1952 and E. meleagridis Tyzzer 1929 and to support the stability of the species concept for each, genetically-typed, single oocyst derived lines of E. gallopavonis Weybridge strainand E. meleagridis USAR97-01 wereused to re-describe the biological, pathological and morphological features of these parasites.Oocysts of E. meleagridis and E. gallopavonis overlap in dimensions but oocysts of the former have a single polar granule compared with multiple in the latter. Mature first generation meronts of E. gallopavonis were observed histologically as early as 48 hours post infection alongside the villi in jejunum (before and after Meckel’s diverticulum), ileum, cecal neck and rectum, but not cecal pouches.
Cicuta, also known as the water hemlock, can be found in North America and Europe and is known to be one of north America’s most poisonous plants. We will look at the taxonomic, ecological, synapomorphies, and reproductive roles of the water hemlock. Finally, we will review evolutionary and taxonomic relationships to see how closely related the water hemlock is other genus’ in the Apiaceae family as well as the differences—why the water hemlock is one of the most toxic in north America.
In the world of global warming, all kinds of pollution and fuel shortages going on, renewable and clean/ green energy is increasingly the ideal solution of energy related problems we have to solve one way or another. Biofuel is one of the mainstream and highly supported solutions nowadays, an idea to make renewable fuel by living organisms such as fiber, corn, vegetable oil or sugar cane. Unlike nonrenewable fossil fuels over extracted by people causing various environmental problems like generating a considerable amount greenhouse gas, current technology already lets renewable fuel like biofuels to shrink a certain amount of greenhouse gas production, making it a more ‘clean’ source of energy.
Dry-mill, the more common and standardized of the two processes, utilizes the four basic processes of ethanol production, “clean corn is ground and mixed with water to form a mash… enzymes are added to convert starch to sugar… yeast is added to ferment… then distilled and dehydrated to create fuel-grade 99-percent ethanol” (Shapouri 2). The Wet-mill process commonly referred to as a “biorefinery” process approaches ethanol from a more atomic level. In Wet-mill ethanol production “grain must be separated into is components including starch, fiber, gluten, and germ” (Shapouri 2). Nevertheless Wet-mill production still uses the three processes above to create ethanol, the difference between Wet and Dry-mill is the quality of their byproduct. Through Dry-milling you avoid the complexity of multiply biochemical disseminations, which save energy and money through lower skill labor and lower tooling costs. However Wet-mill production makes more efficient use of mass and higher quality byproducts that will have greater market value. In the end the net cost of either method is variable, yet on the average the cost to produce a gallon of ethanol is less for Dry-milling than for Wet, yet when you consider the sale of extra byproducts this figure is reversed (SEE Table 2).
During the past few decades, microalgae biomass has been used exclusively in the market. More than 75% of the annual biomass production has been utilized in health products to manufacture powders, tablets, liquids and capsules (Hudson 2008). Microalgae biomass could also be incorporated into food based