Oxytocin And Social Cognition Essay

Social interaction is defined as “a process of reciprocal stimulation and response between two people. It develops competition, interaction, influences social roles and status, and influences people in development of social relationships.” (What is SOCIAL INTERACTION) By adolescence most individuals are fairly competent at social interaction and have a general understanding of what is required of them in most social situations. For high functioning autistic children, this is far from the case. Simple interactions between themselves and others can be confusing and difficult to navigate without proper adaptive training in social behavior. In the following sections, we will explain the need for this training, how it is implemented, and the

At the age of two Temple Grandin had no speech, made little eye contact, withdrew from social interactions, and spent a lot of time staring into space (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). Autism is the most common diagnosis under the persuasive developmental disorder category; it differs from Rett’s disorder and childhood disintegrative disorder. Children with autism have impairments in three categories with at least six items within the categories; two from the first category and at least one each from the

The most recent data collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) (CDC, 2014). Children diagnosed with ASD often have difficulty with functional performance in several key areas including; social participation, communication, school based activities, motor performance and play. These impairments in functional performance are not exclusive to the child alone as the caregiver often assumes a great deal of burden in managing the symptoms of a child with ASD. Furthermore, these difficulties along with the rising diagnosis rate has pushed ASD to the forefront of clinical research and has raised issues regarding which Ayres

According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014) autism spectrum disorder is a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges. Two of these challenges are decreased joint attention and decreased communication (Schertz & Odom, 2007; Coolican, Smith, & Bryson, 2010; Lord, et.al., 2000; Siller, & Sigman, 2002; Rocha, Schreibman, & Stahmer, 2007). Joint attention is defined as visually coordinating attention with a partner to an external focus, showing social engagement and an awareness of the partner’s mutual interest for the purpose of ‘‘commenting’’ rather than ‘‘requesting’’(Schertz & Odom, 2007). The CDC (2014) estimates that about 1 in 68 children has

Everyday people use social cognition as a tool to help them thrive in social world. There are many important aspects of social cognition that are helpful to us in making decisions and help us to interpret the world around us. An important aspect that is linked to social cognition is that of thought suppression. Thought suppression is when a person tries to force particular thoughts, memories or feelings out of their minds that may be unpleasant or may cause a great deal of stress for the individual. Many people are unaware how often we use thought suppression in our daily lives, but the truth is we use it in almost every aspect of our day.

“ Dogs and humans and the strong oxytocin in social bonds” by Marc Bekoff Explains how scientists figured out how the dog and owner share a bond. oxytocin in a baby's body increases when in eye with its mother and the mother can tell the the baby is happy. A dog and its owner bond is like the same thing. the video I did Is about how the scientist tested the dog and the human when staring into each others eyes, talking and pet the dog and the scientist tested it by taking a urine span from the dog and the humana and the oxitosences was eueal. { or showed an equal amount of oxytocin } The scientist did the same test but with a wolf and a human and the results didn't come out the same. The bond with the dog and a bond with a wolf that lives

No. 3: Dawson et al 2004: early social attention impairments in ASD: including social orienting & joint attention i.e. joint attention

The phrase “difficulty relating to others socially” is correlated with people with Autism often. This is because those with Autism often struggle with “communicating with others, interpreting verbal and nonverbal interactions, [and] making friends” (Salend 98). It can also be noted that students who have Autism “may try to communicate their desires and needs via their behaviors” (98). For example, students with Autism may struggle with making and keeping eye contact with others. Those with Autism may also have difficulties respecting the space of others, mainly by getting too close. These examples are social rules that the majority tend to follow, and breaking those social rules may be mistaken as a sign of disrespect. Often, looking someone in the eyes while speaking to them or being spoken to is a sign of respect, shows that you are listening to that person, and as a sign of honesty. Students with Autism can struggle with looking others in the eyes, which may be taken as a sign of disrespect. It is important to teach these small, simple rules to children who may not readily recognize the importance of keeping social rules. By informing them on what is deemed acceptable, why it is acceptable, and how to perform that action, the students have a better chance of relating socially to others more.

Liron Rozenkrantz led the referred research study, entitled “A Mechanistic Link between Olfaction and Autism Spectrum Disorder,” which was published in

Over the past decade, the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased at a rapid rate (MacFarlane & Kanaya, 2009). “Autism spectrum disorder is defined as a heterogeneous, behaviorally identifiable neurodevelopment disorder that occurs in 1 in 150 children (Press & Richman, 2013).” During the infancy and toddlerhood stage, a baby showing signs of ASD will typically have an absence of normal brain development, which can hinder their physical development specifically their perceptual development of vision (Berk, 2014). For example, a baby with normal brain development will begin to make eye contact with their caregiver at approximately 8 weeks of age during daily feedings; in comparison a baby showing signs of abnormal brain development will struggle with making directly eye contact with their caregiver during the same daily feedings (MacFarlane & Kanaya, 2009). Jake, a 3-year-old boy was diagnosed with ASD at 18 months of age. Jake has been struggling with making direct eye contact with others since his early infancy and toddlerhood and it has continued throughout his early childhood (Carbone, O’Brien, Sweeney-Kerwin, & Albert, 2013). “A substantial number of children with autism fail to develop this important skill and therefore experimenters with both develop- mental and behavior

In order to understand the role of oxytocin in the body, it is necessary to know where it comes from as well as where it travels to in the body. It all starts in the hypothalamus- posterior pituitary complex which is considered a neuroendocrine gland. To clarify a neuroendocrine gland has neuroendocrine cells that release a hormone (oxytocin) instead of a neurotransmitter into the bloodstream (instead of another neuron for example). The hypothalamus is a part of the diencephalon located in the brain below the thalamus and it plays important roles in hormone production, emotions and autonomic function (5). Through magnocellular neuron axon terminals with cell bodies of paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, oxytocin that was created in

In the world 1 in 68 U.S. kids will be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. The author Javad Afshari persuades the audience to see the effect of perceptual motor training on attention in children with autism spectrum disorders. Afshari would like to prove that perceptual motor training has a significant effect on children with autism specifically with attention issues. In the article it gave an introduction to autism and how children experience a change in attention from one stimulus to another due to lack of control and dysfunction. He states that autism has become a major field of study in mental health and education worldwide. Three main ideas are the focus of the article including a brief introduction to autism, the actual method of the study and the overall results of the study.

The experiment’s hypothesis is centered on that oxytocin may temporarily remedy the emotion recognition problem in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Sixteen teenage males with either autism or Asperger’s disorder was selected. In a double-blind experiment, one group received oxytocin while the other group received the placebo. The participants were then given cognitive tasks varying from easy to hard. Results reveal that oxytocin improves their condition but

People with Autism are presented with difficulties with social interactions, in particular, establishing and maintaining relationships. There is a lack of responsiveness to non-verbal forms of communications, like facial expressions, physical gestures and eye contact. Often, they are unable to fully express needs due to being unable to interpret and understand others needs. These lack of social interactions effect their ability to share others interests and activities, which gives the appearance that they are socially distant. The cause of their inability to understand non-verbal forms of communication which causes them to become withdrawn socially; is due to a delay in speech.

Affiliative behavior refers as the activities that promote social bonding such as grooming, touching, and huddling. Oxytocin was found to evoke social engagement and maternal behavior21. It will be intriguing to determine the