Palombo Psychology

Terr, L. C. (1991). Childhood traumas: an outline and overview. Am J Psychiatry, 1, 48.

Research indicates that there is a correlation between childhood parental figure loss and adult depression. Studies show the strongest causal relationship occurring when the child experiences the parental loss between five and eight years of age. The elevated risk factor of parental loss that was experienced by Gilbert as well as the previously described symptoms of depression that Gilbert exhibits are strong indicators of Gilbert suffering from prolonged depression (Coffino, 2009).

Throughout his childhood, John Wade was verbally and emotionally abused by his father, who was an alcoholic. His father would often make fun of his weight as he would call him names such as “Jiggling John”, and “blubby little pansy” (O’Brien, pg 67) and this would cause John to be insecure about his body. Despite being hurt from his father’s words, John still loved his father and thought that he was joking, but John was too young to understand that his father was an alcoholic. When his father died, John was devastated that he decided to imagine that his father was still alive through his mirror. John would often speak to his father through a mirror about anything. In a 2005 research, Prigereson and Maciejewski called for the studies of symptoms of complicated grief Criteria B, which is trouble with accepting death. This was the same situation with John as he struggles to accept his father’s death. Study show that older children (teens and pre-teens) are more likely to express post-traumatic stress symptoms when they deal with the death of a loved one (family member). They show symptoms such as inability to accept death, revenge fantasies and mistrust. (Egan, Pg 204). This would relate to John as his father’s death occurred when he was just fourteen. When he couldn’t accept his father’s

Sigmund Freud was an influential psychoanalyst in the late 18th century to the early 19th century. He made many advances in the field of psychology which have impacted other academic areas such as sociology and social work. In his 1915 paper “Mourning and Melancholia” he connected the normal realm with the pathological. In which he “compared mourning – a normal if painful event from which hardly anyone is spared – with a pathological although very common one: melancholia” (Fiorini et al. 2007). The natural human process is to mourn the loved subject or object when it is lost. Freud explains that grief is the feeling of losing love and once it is fully lost desolation and fear takes its place

Ms. Psaras reported that she has two sister with whom she is close to. She indicated that her mother is still alive. Ms. Psaras stated that her father died when she was eight years old. She indicated that she was not exposed to any physical, emotional or sexual abuse as a child. Ms. Psaras reported that the death of her father was traumatic for her, she indicated that she did not experience no other traumas as a child.

Children who are grieving often struggle with life because they have lost a loved one. The loss may have been expected or unexpected, but the pain is still great. However, the way the person was lost and other factors surrounding the death, as well as the age of the child, can all affect how a counselor handles the child and his or her grief. Children can also grieve something other than a death, so there are many situations in which a child might need to see a grief counselor. Additionally, children who have been part of traumatic events where someone else has died may need more than just grief counseling because they will have survivor guilt and others issues which they will also have to face and work through. Empirical studies show that there are many different ways to provide a child with grief counseling, and that children can react very differently based on many characteristics. Counseling that is tailored to the child is the most significant way to help that child - and that is still not enough to convince every scholar that grief counseling actually has any benefit at all.

“American Psychiatric Association defines trauma as an event that represents a threat to life or personal integrity. Trauma can also be experienced when children are faced with a caregiver who acts erratically, emotional and /or physical neglect, and exploitation” (Maltby, L., & Hall, T. 2012. p. 304). Trauma comes in many different forms including: war, rape, kidnapping, abuse, sudden injury, and

The effects of trauma can be looked at into two separate categories however, they both are interrelated: neurodevelopment and psychosocial development. From the onset of birth, we are born with 100 billion neurons, much more than we will ever need and much more than we will ever have. Between these neurons, trillions of synapses are created. Depending upon the early life experiences in relation to attachments with caregivers and our environment, some synapses will be strengthened whilst others will be discarded.

The purpose of this study is to review literature related to the effects of parental death on children. Children who experience the death of a parent is considered an at risk population for psychological, behavioral, and social problems. There are many factors relating to the way children adjust to parental death. Some of these factors include the age of the child,

The most fascinating feature of a person is their mind, specifically the psychology aspect and the way it responds and adapts to its surrounding. In Bel Canto by Ann Patchett, all the characters within the story have their psychology change from predator death anxiety to social psychology. Fate brings the characters to an unspecified South American country for the birthday of Mr. Hosokawa, held by the vice president, Ruben Iglesias, at his mansion. Terrorists force their way into the mansion and hold all affluent attendees hostage (males and Roxanne Coss only), to negotiate with police. The extremist’s goal is to overthrow the reigning president and have their “brothers” released. Everyone within the mansion has been restricted by language

Nader and Salloum (2011) made clear that, at different ages, children differ in their understanding of the universality, inevitability, unpredictability, irreversibility, and causality of death. They believed, despite the increasing understanding with age of the physical aspects of death, a child may simultaneously hold more than one idea about the characteristics of death. However, factors that complete the determining nature of childhood grieving across different age groups may be a difficult task for a number of reasons including their environment in means of the support they have available, the child’s nature in terms of their personality, genetics, and gender, coping skills and previous experiences, the developmental age, grieving style, whether or not therapy was received, and the relationship to the deceased (Nader & Salloum, 2011). Crenshaw (2005) found that according to our current understanding of childhood traumatic grief and normal grief, thoughts and images of a traumatic nature are so terrifying, horrific, and anxiety provoking that they cause the child to avoid and shut out these thoughts and images that would be comforting reminders of the person who died. The distressing and intrusive images, reminders, and thoughts of the traumatic circumstances of the death, along with the physiological hyper-arousal associated with such re-experiencing, prevent the child from proceeding in a healthy way with the grieving process (Crenshaw, 2005). McClatchy, Vonk, and

The loss of an adult child is devastating just as is the death of a younger child. However, there are differences as to how both the parents react to such losses. In this case the paper focuses on loss of an adult child and how the parent copes with the situation. The paper will give insight on the situation that precedes the demise of the child such as trajectory of illnesses which is more recent. A review on how the parents deal with the loss after it occurs will be discussed as well as the various issues the parent faces. The impact on the parent after the child’s loss is also featured. There will be a summary of the findings then finally a section that will give the implications of the research and its importance to the field of psychology and an improvement in human beings

Howe (2010) states “The majority of parents who maltreat their children have problems metalizing their children’s psychological condition. Their own histories tend to be ones of rejection, abuse, neglect, trauma and loss. Never having been fully recognized as an independent, complex psychological being themselves, they have problems relating to their children as complex, separate psychological beings” (pg. 336).

Differentiate between Freud and Erikson's approach to psychoanalytic theory in this lesson. You will examine and compare developmental stages side by side and have the opportunity to test your knowledge with a quiz at the end.

Bowlby discovered upon observing children in hospitals or institutions who had been separated from their parents, went through three stages of loss, i.e. separation anxiety (threat of loss), grief and mourning (acceptance of loss) and defence (protection from loss). In the late 60’s, Bowlby established that childhood development depended greatly upon a child’s ability to form a strong relationship with at least one primary caregiver and that would usually be the