Peer-To-Peer Review Paper

1)A network is when two or more computers are connected together and are able to share data and communication.

A LAN is a ‘Local Area Network’. It is a small network of computers most often

A computer network set up around an individual person in one building. i.e. in a house or a small office

It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers more than a mile apart. In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached to the network. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. The workstations can be less powerful than the file server, and they may have additional software on their hard drives. On many LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards in each computer; other LANs may be wireless.

With working with a Peer to Peer (P2P) network, it’s a type of approach used in computer networking that means every computer will share responsibility for any data processing. This type of networking is common in small local LANs (local area networks), typically found in home networking and even small businesses. This type of network can be wireless and even

Client Server is a computer system where a central server provides data of networked workstations.

A client/server architecture is an end-to-end systems that contains server hosts (contains the resources and services needed by the client) and clients (users or workstations in the network). “Most client/server networks have more than one client to a server so that the system shares computing power. There are a few different kinds of servers to include file sharing, printer services, email services, database services, web services, and a server can used for it power. Clients can access all of these different servers at one time and the servers can serve many clients.” (Techopedia, 2014) For large businesses with office throughout the country web based computing or cloud computing shows the greatest benefit. In web-based computing it is not the local computer doing all the work but rather computers off site that do the work. The user’s computer runs off of a cloud computing system’s interface software which uses the offsite network computers to do the work.

Peer-to-Peer file sharing is a more unorthodox way of obtaining files because instead of going through a web browser to get files, computer users use software such as Limewire and Vuze to access the files on other user’s computers. These file sharing software find as many computers as they can with the files that they are looking for, divide up the information necessary among the computers, and download a fraction of information from each computer. Each computer is given the title “peer” if it is utilized in the

It is mainly used in small business with ten employees or less. Anymore, and the network can become unstable. In a Peer to Peer each workstation is an administrator and the security is less to be desired. There is almost no central security within the shared network. The only security is a password can be added to your shared file. A different password can be given out to others as read only. Downloading programs and files from the internet are not monitored. Shared documents would be another uncontrolled action which will cause problems.

Not everyone thought this was such a great idea, however. Some objections cite legal or moral concerns. Other problems were technical. Many network providers, having set up their systems with the idea that users would spend most of their time downloading data from central servers, have economic objections to peer-to-peer models. A long-established fixture of computer networking that includes important peer-to-peer components is Usenet, which has been around since 1979. Usenet news implements a decentralized model of control that in some ways is the grandfather of today’s new peer-to-peer applications such as Gnutella* and Freenet*. Fundamentally, Usenet is a system that, using no central control, copies files between computers. So the bottom-line is that file-sharing has been around for a long time now and that its decentralized nature makes is hard to control besides holding each individual sharing files accountable. Peer-to-peer systems go hand-in-hand with decentralized systems. In a fully decentralized system, not only is every host an equal participant, but there are no hosts with special facilitating or administrative roles. In practice, building fully decentralized systems can be difficult, and many peer-to-peer applications take hybrid approaches to solving problems. [1]

We thank the reviewer for his/her thoughtful concern. First, the pups from one mom’s uterus were randomly selected to be electroporated with experimental or control plasmids. To reduce the individual variations from different pregnant moms and human handling differences, we always tried to make sure that control and experimental plasmids was electroporated within one liter. Based on our experience, normally one pregnant female mouse will carry 6 to 8 pups on average, it is not possible to collect enough brains from one liter. As such, for each 3 to 7 brains we collected, 2 to 4 litters have to be electroporated, which is not as reviewer conceived that our results only from a single electroporation.

When the first computers were made, they couldn’t talk to each other if they weren’t the same type. But now with the standardising of components, it is now easier than ever for different computers to connect to each other in a LAN (Local Area Network).

Peer to Peer file sharing are Some applications that works on computers which allows users to search files like music, games, movies and other files from other computers or other networks then download it without permission or legal authority. It differs a lot from normal internet downloading because it communicate directly with other computers which means peers without certain website. These peer to peer applications makes the computers act like a server and a client but at the same time protects the user from being hacked but there’s still a risk downloading a virus among the files, viruses are very dangerous and may slow down your computer or kill it, some examples of these peer to peer applications (bit torrent,

A secure server in addition to gives an ensured establishment to facilitating Web applications and Web server setup assumes a basic part in Web application's security. The Gravely designed server can prompt to unapproved get. An overlooked share can give an advantageous indirect access, while an unused port can be an assailant's front entryway. Ignored client records can allow an aggressor to sneak past resistances unnoticed. Understanding dangers to the Web server and have the capacity to recognize proper countermeasures grants to foresee many assaults and frustrate the steadily developing quantities of assailants. This system gives bi-directional encryption of correspondences between a customer and server, which ensures against listening in and messing with and additionally manufacturing the substance of the correspondence. Progressively, this gives a sensible certification that one is speaking with unequivocally.

A computer network is a network that consist of two or more computers that are able to share information between them or their users. There are a large variety of different networks and the advantages or disadvantages are strongly related to the type of network we choose.