Personal Narrative Memories : A Phenomenon That Occur Directly From The Discovery Of A Shocking Event Essay

Throughout our lives, we definitely have gone through a lot of experiences and made memories. Some of the memories are easily forgotten, while some others are remembered distinctively, vividly and can be recollected confidently. This is called the flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memory is like a very clear picture of a particularly impactful event which had caused one to be affected emotionally. For example, I remember this performance that my school choir was performing. It was during Christmas season and we decided to spray bubble foam to portray fake snow. However, the plan backfired when the wind blew at our direction and all the foam flew back to us. This was remembered very clearly because I was embarrassed and had experienced something so

Where were you when you heard about 9/11? When you hear about a traumatic event, time seems to stop. Most people remember every detail of their surroundings. Imagine living and breathing in a traumatic event.

Most people from one time to another have had a memorable event within their lifetime. One memorable event that spread across the United States and affected many people is what is known as 9/11. This event affected many innocent lives, those that survived as well as those that did not. September 11th marks in history as a horrifying even that now affects people’s societal, political, and personal decisions. It is marked down as a day no U.S. citizen would forget.

Throughout the history of the United States’ judicial system, eyewitness testimonies — an account from a witness of a crime or an accident that involves the witness recounting their firsthand experience of the incident to a court — have been used as conclusive evidence to prove a defendant guilty. It is thought that although memory can be unclear at times, it is assumed memories of stressful or otherwise threatening events are well encoded into the brain, largely indelible, and therefore can be accurately recalled. This idea is based off of the psychological concept of flashbulb memories which are “sudden onsets of emotionally significant events or memories” (“Psychology Students”). However, recent psychological and neuroscientific research

A flashbulb memory is a detailed snapshot of an event which evoked feelings of shock or surprise or were otherwise emotionally arousing (Brown and Kulik, 1977). Events which have negative emotions attached to them seem to be processed in a detail-attentive and conservative manner (Bless et al., 1996; Storbeck & Clore, 2005; Bohn and Bernsten, 2007). The age of a witness also seems to influence the formation of flashbulb memories. In a study by Cohen, Conway and Maylor (1993) most of the younger participants experienced flashbulb memory compared to less than half the older participants. They concluded that the main factor which influenced the formation of flashbulb memories for older participants was rehearsal of the events whereas in younger

PTSD is a serious issue faced throughout the military and the veteran population and has been recognized as such by the U.S. Government, the Department of Defense, and both the Department of Veteran Affairs and private-sector health care professionals. With this issue being in the spotlight a large amount of time, money and resources have been dedicated to the research of PTSD. The research conducted as of today has revealed a tremendous amount on how memories are

The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of narrative chaining on memory. A total of 59 participants aged 10-69 years old took part in this experiment. They were chosen using convenience sampling and were split randomly into two independent groups. Participants had 30 seconds to memorise a list of words, either using maintenance rehearsal or narrative chaining to do so and then they were asked to write down as many words as possible after 2 minutes. Participants in the experimental group who used narrative chaining remembered a mean of 9.93 words out of 16 words with a mean percentage of 62% of words recalled. Participants in the control group who used maintenance rehearsal remembered a mean of 9.17 words

During the second summer Dill comes to Maycomb County, he and Jem grow close and begin shaming Scout for acting like a girl. At first Scout truly believes that acting like a girl means she is inferior but later realizes that being a girl is something to be proud of. Scout spends most of her summertime playing games with Jem and Dill but during their second summer together Jem begins to reproach her “being a girl” (Lee. 153) every time she was afraid to break a rule or act weak in their eyes. In the beginning Scout believed his remarks like Jem telling her “girls always imagined things, that's why other people hated them so.”(Lee 153), and is ashamed of her biological identity as a girl. But as the story progresses Scout interacts more with the women in her life, like Miss Maudie and Calpurnia, and begins to think “there

There are two prominent distortions of the episodic memory system: forgetting and the false memory effect. False memory is the propensity to report an event as part of an episodic experience that was not actually present (Holliday, Brainerd, & Reyna, 2011). Several theories give an explanation for this effect, but the most prominent one is the fuzzy trace theory,

In high school I liked to be very active. One of my favorite activities was soccer. I played numerous years before high school. While playing for the high school team, my timed mile was not where it should have been, I was so perseverant that I practiced a great deal of times. Finally I had reached my goal, but in doing so, I received many stress fractures. I was in so much pain but I refused to let it show, until I could not take the pain. The doctor said I had broke both of my legs with stress fractures and some larger fractures. He had informed me I could no longer play soccer competitively and I was not allowed to participate in any of athletic actives that year.

“Sometimes you will never know the value of a moment until it becomes a memory.” These words from Dr.Seuss still stand true, and are something I can relate to. I believe that you should always show your love and appreciation to your family members for what they do for you. Before my sister left for college, I didn’t realize how much I appreciated her and loved her for all the things she did for me.

Brown and Kulik discovered that these flash bulb memories were consistent over time. They did research on the death of Princess Diana and found that many people could remember a lot more than usual such as what time it was, who was with them etc. Such emotional events as September the 11th are very large scale and so many people will have flashbulb memories of the event making it easy to do a study and find proof of flashbulb memories. There is also evidence for forgetting as a result of repression. The main sort of evidence for repressed memories is a victim of crime. Many people who have been a victim of a crime can remember very little of it because emotion actually caused the memory to be repressed and forgotten. Freud helped to prove that people have repressed memories by using hypnosis that caused people to bring forgotten memories to light.

Human memory is a peculiar thing and many people question the phenomenon of false memories. A false memory is the psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that simply did not happen. Psychologists only know a limited amount about memory and how it works, there is plenty of information out there that is a mystery to us. The Mandela Effect is a type of memory glitch that has caused a lot buzz in recent years, it’s best referred to as an instance of collective misremembering. The name of the Mandela Effect came from Fiona Broome, who referred to herself as a “paranormal consultant.” She shared on her blog about how she noticed that she wrote about a false memory - that “Nelson Mandela, South African human rights activist and

False memories include distorting features of events and situations or recalling facts and memories that never occurred at all (Roediger and McDermott, 1995).

Recollections of vivid autobiographical episodic memories formed when an individual experiences intense emotions, generating from a surprising public event defines Flashbulb memories (FBMs). Permanent and consistent remembrances processed cognitively and stored as explicit recollections in long term memory are additional features of FBMs (Goldstein, 2014). Brown & Kulik (1977) first proposed this phenomenon and argued FBMs are resistant to change like photographs. The ongoing debate over the process of cognition in relation to storing and recalling FBMs led numerous researchers to advance their understanding of the mental processing of FBMs and to evaluate the impact emotions have on memories. This paper discusses the pioneer investigation and findings from Brown & Kulik’s 1977. It further explores debates opposing their unique theory of FBMs and the apparent inadequacies of their conclusions. Additionally, this paper examines plausible hypotheses from researchers for the formation of FBMs like rehearsal of events and the inconsistencies of FBMs, their distortions and the decay FBMs experience over time. It then evaluates a contemporary study on FBMs and the necessity for future studies to develop a method to measure FBMs. This is imperative in order to gain a deeper understanding of the influences emotions have on shaping, processing and storing FBMs cognitively and consequently how it impacts on our daily lives.