PLANT LAYOUT
Introduction –
Plant layout is very essential and needs consideration and attention from the very beginning so as to avoid subsequent problems. Though one can think of several layouts but the best one is obviously the one, which is both very systematic and cheap. It is arrangement of machines, scientific use of work area, easy and convenient transport system, easy sorting out of materials and processing different parts. Since the area has already been selected and it is neither possible to neither change that nor expand that as per needs of the factory therefore layout is to be adjusted accordingly. Thus layout is disposition of various facilities and services of the plant within the specified area. It
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Sufficient provision should be made of stocking raw materials and goods on the one hand and overhead material handling equipment on the other.
Types of layouts
1) Process or functional layout
2) Product or line layout
3) Project or fixed position layout
A) Process or functional layout
Process layout also called “ layout by function” is generally associated with batch production. The factory is divided into process units (or departments), and within these process units all similar facilities are grouped together. Process, for example, is kept at one place; milling machines are placed at another place; drilling machines are kept at third place; gear-cutting machines are located at fourth place; and so on and so forth. Process type of layout is suitable when,
1) The products are non-standard, or
2) There are wide variations in the processing times of individual operations.
Advantages:
1. Lower capital investment on account of comparatively less number of machines and lower costs of general-purpose machines.
2. Higher utilization of available equipment.
3. Greater flexibility in regards to allocation of work to equipment and workers.
4. Breakdown of equipment, absenteeism of the workmen and/or non-availability of certain materials do not dislocate the manufacturing activity on the shop floor.
5. Workers attain greater skills since
2 Reduced waste: With improved systems there would be reduction in waste and fewer defects in the products. This will help in adding to the profits. Logistical improvements will help in better organisation of physical space required and viable transportation and reduction in the waiting times for the materials required, thus giving lesser room for wasting time.
The three scenarios illustrated above clearly shows that the investment in the new machine creates greater value to the company, unless there should be some unexpected turnout in sales. By acquiring the Vulcan Mold-Maker machine Fonderia di Torino S.p.A will be able to replace labor intensive required semi-automated machines with automated machines, thus reducing medical claims. The company will also benefit from higher levels of product quality and lower scrap rates. Labor costs will be reduced by almost 298,334.4
By utilizing work cells in my manufacturing facility I would have been able to reduce travel distance in production due to the fact that all equipment in work cells is modular. This allows the work cells to be easily arranged or moved as needed. The implementation of work cells versus straight line manufacturing would have been beneficial also because it provides an organized workplace and reduced space for inventory or production materials. Also by using the work cell method of production defects would be easily detected early, this is because with work cells products are tested at the end of each production cycle making it easier to detect and fix any defects that may arise.
The third advantage is being able to outsource work when the need for production rises. Instead of having to hire additional employees to augment the increase in labor, a company will have a set staff and then when the need arises, they will hire out for the additional work to be completed.
due mostly to machine-related expenses and the use of multiple overhead rates allows for allocation
The amount of work in progress is minimized. Fewer tools are needed. The parts do not have to travel between the work stations. The control systems becomes redundant, everything takes place in the garage.
So why was there so much investment in the less efficient machines? Simple: the owners paid the R & D costs, and the owners were more concerned about control that about pure efficiency or quality. NC machines held the promise of being able(eventually) to manufacture high quality goods WITHOUT SKILLED LABOR (precisely like the looms that the Luddites objected to). If you depend upon skilled workers, those workers have some control, most obviously because they can't be easily replaced. If the workers are minimally skilled, they can be more easily replaced, hence the owners have more control.
Besides, the facilities maintenance for TIS would be less expensive because it could more effectively manage floor space, heating and air conditioning, and power consumption, and its facility was located in a less expensive city. Lastly, TIS had less disaster recovery and corporate overhead costs because it had more efficient management and economies of scale.
By reducing the introduction of new products, cost such as product development, R&D and advertising can be avoided.
The manufacturing cost can be lower as the rearrangement of the production line to meet urgent order can be minimize or even eliminated.
the input sub-assemble. Each plant will be in the country of its respective locality. In respect to
Manufacturing Cells production is organized in groupings of all the different types of equipment used to make a given product. Materials move from one machine to another, and various operations are performed in sequence, minimizing materials-handling costs. Workers are also hired and trained to multitasked performing a variety of activities. Defects in the process are aggressively eliminated; this is due to the tight links in between workstations. Setup time is another aspect of U.S. Strollers that can be reduced using manufacturing cells concept. The production of a product, its cycle time until it's completed is reduced significantly. Reducing setup time and costs make production in smaller batches economical, which in turn reduces inventory levels
The benefit that machine provides is called a mechanical advantage. Its amount is defined by actual mechanical advantage (AMA, includes force of friction). There is also an ideal mechanical advantage (IMA) but it does not take in account the force of friction which is inevitable in our world.
There are two critical elements you must know when translation a document and they cannot be stated too many times: