Plastocyanin Synthesis Lab Report

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate, it is a useable form of energy for cells, the energy is trapped in a chemical bond that is released and it is used to dive other reactions that need energy. Photosynthetic organisms use the sunlight to get energy in order to synthesize their own fuel. Chemical energy is then made by converting the sunlight in order to compel the synthesise of the carbohydrates from the carbon dioxide and water. Oxygen is then released when the carbohydrate is synthesized. Photosynthesis is on two parts, first there is the light reactions in where the light is converted into chemical energy which is the ATP, and then this is stacked in the chloroplasts membranes in where the ATP and the electron carrier are used in the second part. The second part of the process is called light-independent and it occurs in the chloroplasts in the stroma, the carbon dioxide produces sugar in a series of reaction called the Calvin cycle.

K. Paraphrase the three potential fates of the excited electron produced when a photon meets a chlorophyll molecule

– Light-harvesting complexes (pigment molecules bound to proteins) transfer the energy of photons to the reaction center There is electron flow in the photosystems & the production of ATP & NADPH using light energy

Furthermore, ions pass through the membrane and they use energy to assist with the making of ATP. Therefore, this generates ATP in the mitochondria and in the chloroplasts. Hydrogen ions are pumped through the thylakoid membranes, and this creates energy that allows the hydrogen ions to pass through.

Plants utilize chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis to produce glucose. Photosynthesis consists of two stages called light reactions and the Calvin cycle. Within the chloroplast, the thylakoid is the site of light reactions. The thylakoid is capable of absorbing light energy and transforming it to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH which will later be used in the Calvin cycle. Pigments located inside the thylakoid allows for the absorption of visible light (Campbell, pg. 191). There are three significant types of pigments in chloroplast: chlorophyll a (main light-absorbing pigment) , chlorophyll b (accessory pigment), and carotenoids (group of accessory pigments).

Material is brought into the matrix by electron transport chains, which are used to set up a proton gradient between the inner and outer membrane (called the inter membrane space). These protons accumulate to such a point in the inter membrane that they naturally flow back into the matrix. The electron transport chains are made possible by a number of proteins studding the inner membrane, such as the cytochrome electron shuttles. Upon reentering the matric the H+ (Hydrogen ions, which are the carriers of the protons that were previously mentioned- no need to worry!) go through ATP synthase, which in turn powers the synthase to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Then the ATP can be used later on to be coupled with thermodynamically unfavorable reactions which allows those chemical actions to carry one. Thermodynamically unfavorable reactions are ones in which the energy state of the products is higher than that of the reactant, the energy in this instance being thermodynamic (Means pertaining to heat). Thermodynamically favorable reactions are self-sufficient and work by themselves whereas thermodynamically unfavorable reactions do not.

Abstract: Chloroplast were observed to question if high energy electrons are formed and how light intensity affects for photosynthesis. DCPIP (2,6- dichorophenol-indophenol) liberates high energy electrons, from the electron transport chain, that reduce DCPIP from blue (oxidized form) to clear (reduced form). In addition, chloroplasts were exposed to different levels of light intensity to indicate how intensity levels are necessary for photosynthesis. Expecting DCPIP to get reduced quicker in chloroplast exposed to higher luminosity levels and slower or not at all with lower luminosity levels; DCPIP is expected to stay in its oxidized state when exposed to low levels of light and is expected to get reduced and turn clear when exposed to higher levels of light.

The light reactions are made up of two electron transport chains: Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI). To start, light energy from the sun excites an electron in PSII and

That energy is then spread through the photosystem until it reaches the two special chlorophyll A in the center, which oxidize. They absorb different spectra of light and are the first step in photosynthesis and the conversion of chemical energy from light.

There are two photosystems involved that are involved in absorbing sunlight to production of ATP and NADPH. These are Photosystem II and Photosystem I, which are composed of light harvesting complex and reaction center.

It was discovered that a protein that caused algae/9chalmidiponis to swim to light is a light sensitive channel (method of the year 2010), blue light causes positive ions enter the cell

The rhodopsin is a protein found within rod cells. As rhodopsin absorbs the light (photon), it causes metarhodopsin II to be produced. This ends up activating a protein called transducin by switching GDP with GTP on this protein. At this point, transducin is activated, and it ends up activating phosphodiesterase, which causes cyclic GMP to decrease, which in turn causes Na+ channels to close. As a result of this, hyperpolarization occurs, and nerve impulse is sent to the brain.

Chloroplast is an organelle that is found in plants and some algae. It is a food producer of the cell. The structure is constructed by a double layer membrane, an outer and an inner layer membrane. Chloroplast contains many different pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins etc. The chlorophylls are of different types. It is a very important biomolecule for photosynthesis that helps plants to absorb energy from sun light.

Chemiosmosis is movement of ions across a membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. It relates to ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. ATP respiration breaks down complex molecules to release energy that is used to make ATP.

Chloroplast is an organelle in a plant that carries out photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are large and a mature leaf may contain 20-100. They are described as flattened spheres. New plant cells contain smaller organelles that contain proplastids that can develop into different forms of plastids. For example, amyloplasts are used to store starch, while chromoplasts create pigments for fruits and flowers. Chloroplasts contain chlorphyll which contain the green pigment observed in plants. The membranes within the chlorplast are importnat in the function of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have an outer and inner membrane that are separated by an intermembrane space. The inner membrane contains stroma, a gel-like matrix filled with enzymes for C, N, and S reduction and assimilation. The outer membrane contains porins that allow solutes with a molecular weight of a maximum of 5000 to pass. The inner membrane transport proteins regulate the flow of metabolites between the inner membrane and intermembrane space. Thylakoids are the chloroplasts third membrane, which are flat, sac like structures within the stroma arranged in stacks called grana. The grana are connected by stroma thylakoids. The thylakoid lumen surrounfs the grana and stroma thylakoids. The thylakoid membrane is a semipermeable barrier which allows for the development of electrochemical proton gradient between the lumen and stroma.