Pneumonia Research Paper

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs. Many different organisms can cause it, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe, and can even be deadly. The severity depends on the type of organism causing pneumonia, as well as your age and underlying health.

Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung which results into an excess of fluid or pus accumulating into the alveoli of the lung. Pneumonia impairs gas exchange which leads to hypoxemia and is acquire by inhaling a contagious organism or an irritating agent. (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). Fungal, bacteria and viruses are the most common organisms that can be inhale. Pneumonia could be community-acquired or health care associated. Community –acquired pneumonia (CAP) occurs out of a healthcare facility while health care associated pneumonia (HAP) is acquired in a healthcare facility. HAP are more resistant to antibiotic and patients on ventilators and those receiving kidney dialysis have a higher risk factor. Infants, children and the elderly also have a higher risk of acquiring pneumonia due to their immune system inability to fight the virus. Pneumonia can also be classified as aspiration pneumonia if it arises by inhaling saliva, vomit, food or drink into the lungs. Patients with abnormal gag reflex, dysphagia, brain injury, and are abusing drug or alcohol have a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia (Mayo Clinic, 2013). In the case of patient E.O., this patient had rhonchi in the lower lobe and the upper lobe sound was coarse and diminished. Signs and symptoms of pneumonia include difficulty breathing, chest pain, wheezing, fever, headache, chills, cough, confusion, pain in muscle or

Bordetella pertussis also known as whooping cough."Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus capsulate of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough." This is one of the most common diseases in children, but can affect all ages. In the 1940's there was over 200,000 cases reported. "The bacteria attach to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells, produce toxins that paralyze the cilia, and cause inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions." (https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/disease-specifics.html).

Most viral pneumonias are mild, but may be more severe or may be complicated by secondary bacterial infection.(32,35)

Pneumonia is a disease caused by microorganisms that invade tissue, it inflames the air sacs in your lungs either one or both lungs which may fill with fluid. Pneumonia can be caused by multiple Bactria's such as Lengionella Pneumophila, Mycroplama Pneumoniae and, Chlamydophila Pneumonicles. Pneumonia is also caused by viruses, and various chemicals.

The disease is usually caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses (Pneumonia). Usually the germs can’t get past a healthy body’s guards but in a body that is weak, the germs can get by (Pneumonia: Is It Contagious?). Pneumonia causes inflammation in the lung’s air sacs, also known as alveoli (Normandin). The alveoli fills with fluid making it harder for the person to breathe (Normandin). To treat Pneumonia, doctors usually use antibiotics as it has a high healing rate in people, although the type is based on a number of things (Pneumonia – Treatment). Most cases are here, in the United States (Pneumonia

Pneumonia that is caused by certain bacteria, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophilapneumoniae, usually results in milder symptoms, even in children.This type of pneumonia, known as atypical or walking pneumonia, is most common among school-age children.Children with this type of pneumonia may not feel sick enough to stay home, but they could have the symptoms like dry cough, low grade fever, headache or tiredness.

There are two different kinds of pneumonia if it affects one or more sections of the lungs it’s called lobar pneumonia. If it affects patches in both lungs it is called bronchial pneumonia.

Pneumonias most common form is the Streptococcus pneumoniae but when it is caused by another bacterium it is called atypical pneumonia or walking pneumonia which usually causes a less severe form of the disease (hajiliadas, 2014). However pneumonia caused by the typical bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae can be very severe and even life threatening. Symptoms of pneumonia can range in type and severity of the disease but usually someone who has or is developing the illness will feel fatigued, be running a fever, and will develop a cough that will most likely produce phlegm. In some cases patients have developed fluid being released into the plural cavity and in mire severe cases that fluid can become infected. The diagnosis for this illness is very straight forward and usually can be diagnosed by taking a pulse oximetry test and/or a sputum test. However, if the illness is in advanced stages and life threating X-rays of the chest can be performed in order to determine the severity and progression of the illness. This disease is easily treatable by antibiotics but for more severe cases antibiotics usually do not help.

Your physician will diagnose pneumonia based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results. Your doctor will listen to your lung sounds and if you have pneumonia your lungs may have a crackling or rumbling sound when you inhale. Wheezing may also, be heard. Then he/she may obtain a CXR to determine inflammation in your lungs. A complete blood count is ordered to see if your immune system is fighting an infection. Also, blood cultures are ordered to find out whether you have a bacterial infection that has spread to your bloodstream, then your MD can determine how to treat the infection. There are many different types of pneumonia. Pneumonia is named for the way in which a person gets the infection or the germ that can cause the infection. There is community-acquired which is the most common type of pneumonia. These cases occur during winter months and occurs outside of the hospital. Hospital-acquired pneumonia is more serious than community-acquired pneumonia because hospitals carry more germs that are resistant to antibiotics. Atypical pneumonia is a type of community-acquired pneumonia being that it is caused by lung infections that include bacteria like Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma. (Sept,2016).The type of pneumonia you have and how severe the pneumonia you have determines the treatment. Antibiotics are the norm for treatment of bacterial pneumonia. Most begin to improve after one to three days of antibiotic treatment. If there is viral pneumonia, antibiotics will not work. Antiviral medications will need to be initiated. One to three weeks is the duration of treatment. Vaccines are available to prevent pneumonia caused by the flu virus and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that "adults who are sixty-five and older should have two pneumococcal vaccinations. It is usually given between September through November which is called the flu

Pneumonia is an illness of the lower respiratory tract in which the lungs become inflamed and congested and alveolar spaces are filled with fluid and cells-polymorphs and lymphocytes (Mandell L.A). It is an inflammatory condition of the lung and it is one of the most serious infections, causing two million deaths annually among the young and elderly. Pneumonia is the largest killer, accounting for 28% to 34% of all child deaths below five years of age in low-income countries and is an important cause of mortality in the elderly in high-income countries (Suárez).

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid.

Pneumonia is a very serious infectious disease of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and sometimes even fungi. Pneumonia is dangerous to all but mostly dangerous to the very young, and the very old. Until a vaccine was invented for the disease, there was a time it was killing more people than tuberculosis. Due to the vaccination, the amount of cases reported in the United States has dropped drastically. Common signs and symptoms of pneumonia are coughing, fevering, trouble breathing, and chest pain.

Pathophysiology of admission diagnosis: ___Pneumonia is acute infection of the alveoli and the surrounding tissues that is life-threatening to most of the population. Pneumonia affects all ages of both sexes, especially the immunocompromised, chronically- ill and aged patient. It is one of the most common cause of death, and the fatal of all infectious diseases acquired in the hospital setting. The pneumonia infection relates to the patient due to the entrinsic factors. Such as age and nutrition. As the patient age increase, the immune system are getting weaker. The patient is liable to get an opportunist infection. He was on Nothing per Oral (NPO), Having chest pain and vomiting.

The clinical manifestations of pneumonia will be different according to the causative organism and the patient’s underlying conditions and/or comorbidities (Smeltzer, et al). Some of the manifestations are