Pornography has always been a hot topic when it comes to its involvement in sexism and sexual violence in our society. The countless sexually-explicit videos and images that adolescents and adults are exposed to on a daily basis is a concerning issue, especially where sexual assault and rape is concerned. In order to explain why rape culture continues to be prevalent, especially among teenagers and young adults, activists, sex researchers, and government officials are attempting to focus and regulate presumed influences of sexual delinquency. Even with the development and expansion of sex education and sexual assault programs across high schools and colleges in the United States, rape remains an omnipresent nightmare shared by countless young women. But the daunting question remains: Is pornography to blame? Unfortunately, this question is not unfamiliar or groundbreaking to anyone mindful of or involved with popular culture.
As discussed in ISS 335: Sex Research and Social Science, second-wave feminists in the 1960s and 1970s, frustrated and angry with the unrelenting oppression of women, questioned the effects of pornography on male aggression. Many radical second-wave feminists, like activist Andrea Dworkin and lawyer Catherine MacKinnon, strongly opposed pornography and viewed it as “anti-women” (Michigan State University Department of History, 2017). They argued that porn served as a visual representation of systematic sex discrimination and the sexual objectification of women, and was used as propaganda to fuel sexual terrorism and misogyny. Women who shared this viewpoint on pornography went on to form an organization called Women Against Pornography (WAP) in 1970s New York City, claiming that “pornography is the theory, rape is the practice” (Michigan State University Department of History, 2017). To make legal change to the exposure and use of pornography, Dworkin and MacKinnon and other followers worked with conservative Christian groups in the 1980s to help pass anti-pornography legislation. The main problem with the anti-pornography movement that resulted in its loss in political momentum was the lack of sufficient and conclusive sex research that supported the claim that porn caused sexual
Good sex is considered to be legal and healthy, whereas bad sex is criminalized and dangerous. In contrast to MacKinnon’s view on pornography, Rubin argues that pornography is a means of sexual exploration and can be liberating. Sexual activities are a means through which sexuality can be explored. Rubin argues that anti-pornography movements exaggerate the dangers of pornography as destructive and negative. Anti-pornography movements depict pornography as harmful and degrading to women, but this in itself is harmful for it does not account for consensual and desired sexual activities. Through classifying sexual activities, such as BDSM and sex work, as good and bad, the state effectively limits sexual exploration to certain acceptable societal norms. This is further illustrated through R v. Price, in which the judge ruled that there was no evidence that BDSM videos cause harm (Lecture Slides: February 9). Conforming to cultural norms subsequently ensures that the patriarchal system of sexual value, in which MacKinnon argued is male dominated, is adhered to. Even though pornography can perpetuate sexual objectification, the oppression of sexual desire by the state limits any form of positive sexual exploration. The state and law should not penalize possibilities for positive sexual experiences because of social stigmas. The disapproval of society and the state of particular sexual
Pornography is a controversial subject all around the world. Part of its appeal is its taboo nature. It has been argued that pornography is harmful. Porn is an underground market that is more or less legal but is it harmful? An article written by Diana E.H. Russell in “Dangerous Relationships: Pornography, Misogyny, and Rape” argues that it is. Diana E.H. Russell is a sociology professor. She has researched the issue and argues that pornography is profoundly harmful. Professor Russell believes that it inclines men to want to rape women and that it encourages them to act out rape fantasies. However, Michael C. Seto disputes Professor Russell's theory that pornography is harmful. Michael Seto's article, written with
225). The outcome of intimate partner sexual victimization demonstrated a 79.7% of participants having reported experiences of sexual violence from intimate partners within the past year (Moreau et al. 228). From the same study, 65.2% of the females have also reported the experience of minor intimate partner sexual violence, while 50% reported experiencing severe sexual violence (Moreau et al. 226). The data demonstrates that sexual violence among women is at large, as they are countlessly objected to subordination and dehumanization all throughout mainstream and pornographic media. From the calculations of the descriptive statistics, the study eventually specifically assesses the consumption of pornography and its association with forced sexual relations within the context of intimate partner sexual
In Gail Dines section in Transforming A Rape Culture, she states that pornography viewed as a teaching tool almost like a how-to manual using words and images on legitimizing and objectivizing women as sex objects. Violence against the women within the pages or on video is so sexualized it becomes invisible as to what it really is. (p.107)
Foubert, Brosi, and Bannon conducted an experiment, using fraternity men, which showed the effects of viewing pornography (212+). Pornography viewing is becoming more prevalent in our society due to the advancement of technology (Foubert, Brosi, and Bannon 212+). Foubert, Brosi, and Bannon reviewed that an estimated eighty-seven percent of college men, between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one, partake in the viewing of pornography each year (212+). The most popular pornography videos contain violence toward women; therefore, the viewers’ actions are likely going to result in violence and sexual assault (Foubert, Brosi, and Bannon 212+). Foubert, Brosi, and Bannon observed that one hundred percent of sexual assaulters began by viewing pornography
Pornography is an age-old phenomenon that has been under much modern-day scrutiny. With the recent proliferation of online pornography, possible social ramifications of sexually explicit material on uncontrolled mediums have become the subjects of intense debate. Proponents of a liberal approach toward pornography argue that access to online smut is a constitutionally protected freedom and "a harmless diversion that serves to satisfy curiosity and relieve sexual tensions.5" Opponents of this view are particularly concerned with the social effects of online pornography and its effect on the values and morals of minors who can access pornographic images. I will argue for the liberal side and argue that porn in both print form and
For many years there has been a lot of arguments about the ethical and morality of pornography. pornography is defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement. When it coms down to pornography, people have different opinions about it. Some people might find it moral because it gives them pleasure and it satisfies them physically. some individuals see it as a form of art that describes the figure of a human body in an artistic form. Others see it as immoral because it harms and degrades an individual. Personally I believe that it all depends how pornography is conducted and how we respond to it. It can be morally healthy that we like it because it makes us happy, such as it helps with your marriage relationship in intimacy, and it can be immoral when it is used in an unhealthy that we do not like it because hurts an innocent person.
However, no explanation is given for how the connection between pornographic representations and beliefs or physical actions is made. As Demare, Lips and Briere note in their study of the relationship between pornography and violence, as much as we may want it to, correlation does not prove a causal relationship. While MPW demonstrates the prevalence of sexual abuse within pornographic material and within society, the only explanation as to how the consumption of pornography is directly related to violence against women amounts to little more than an extended, poetic variation of “monkey see, monkey do”. Dworkin’s information on pornography-based violence, as she states in the introduction of her book, is partially based on one-step-removed accounts of pornography by “only a few of the thousands” of women who she says to have known personally, all of which blame porn as the catalyst of their sexual assault. Other sources include novels, pornographic fiction, excerpts from the biographies of Marquis de Sade and Marilyn Monroe, and excerpts from ‘scientific’ works by Alfred Kinsey and his co-workers - none of which contain a sex-positive perspective on female sexuality. Dworkin’s sources, listed in the ‘Notes’ section of her book, are many, and paint a heart-wrenching image of pornography and female heterosexuality at the time of the book’s publication. One cannot deny the extent to which women endured family sexual abuse, rape, battery, and coercion during the
The controversy over whether pornography should or should not be restricted has been a widely debated topic over the past few decades. Proponents of such restriction bring to light the degrading message pornography depicts that perpetrates the silencing of women. Even though the silencing and subordination of women is a real phenomenon, the overall significance and effect the pornography industry has on it seems widely overestimated. Furthermore, the implications of such restriction seem far more severe when compared to the overall disadvantages the pornography industry creates.
MacKinnon believes that pornography maintains male-dominated views of sex and is an extension of the patriarchy and thus, from a feminist standpoint, it should be eliminated. First, it should be established that MacKinnon believes that “male dominance is sexual” (315). From that, it can be established that practices such as rape, sexual assault, prostitution, and pornography “express and actualize the
Our sex saturated media is also generating conflict in young girls’ development. The portrayal of women as sexual objects is discussed in the article “The sexualization of Girls is Harmful” by Olivia Ferguson and Hayley Mitchell Haugen. The article cites statistics of “prime-time television shows popular among children” remarking that “12% of sexual comments involved sexual objectification toward women” and “23% of sexual behaviors involved leering, ogling or catcalling at female characters”.(par 6) The feature provides www.aboutkidshealth.ca/ as an “online resource for information about areas of children’s health and family life”. (Par 1) This web site states “depression, low self-esteem and eating disorders” as consequences for media sexualizing women. (Par 2) The research defines “the objectification theory as a psychological theory explaining the
Humanity has struggled with determining the best option to solve their ethical dilemmas that they run into in their life. Analyzing and determining the best option to take can leave an individual lost in faith and building a relationship with God. Building a God foundation in your life will help you in every ethical dilemma that you face. The only way to solve an ethical dilemma with viewing pornography is to view the dilemma according to a Christian worldview and compare different options to solve the ethical dilemma.
MacKinnon argues that pornography defines male treatment of women, and is the clearest demonstration of male dominance. Her perspective is radical, but valuable because it forces one to reexamine his or her view of pornography. She says that, “male power makes authoritative a way of seeing and treating women that when a man looks at a pornographic picture... the viewing is an act of male supremacy” (130). This form of expression dictates the way in which men view women as a class. The uneven distribution of power in this system makes pornography a form of discrimination. “Pornography causes attitudes and behaviors of violence and discrimination that define the treatment and status of half the population” (147). Not only women are subject to this form of oppression. “Pornography is the
Lindsay Rohland (2015) defined an ethical dilemma as, “a complicated situation in which one must make a difficult choice or decision in the face of conflicting morals.” The choice between right or wrong may seem a challenging but a person’s morals are typically influenced by religion. Christianity has answers for every dilemma a person could be facing. The ethical dilemma of pornography will be analyzed by the Christian worldview, and compared to the perspective of the pantheistic worldview.
Pornography has strong influences over its viewers. Recent research has been done in attempt to find the link between sexually explicit material and how exposure to it has caused changes in a person’s aggression level toward women, and one’s cognitive development of sexual and social standards and expectations. The findings are grounds for advising trying to regulate the accessibility of pornography to minors to avoid these potentially harmful influences. Although, during adolescence, usually centered between the ages of 13 and 19, sexual curiosity is expected, compulsive curiosity to sexual material that is not most realistic in nature can cause unrealistic views of women and sex roles. These impacts are happening in the plastic minds of 13 and 19-year-old web surfers who are unaware of the effects taking place. Child pornography is a form of child sexual abuse. Federal law defines child pornography as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a minor less than 18 years old. Progressively, child pornography laws are being used to punish the utilization of computer technology and the Internet to get, share, and appropriate pornographic material including kids, including pictures and movies. Having a violation of federal child pornography laws is a serious crime and first time offenders found guilty of producing child