1000 – 1900: Origins
The word 'office' stems from the Latin 'officium'. This was not necessarily a place, but rather an often-mobile 'bureau', which was more about human staff, or even the abstract notion of formal position, such as a magistrate.
The office dates back to classical antiquity, and often formed part of a palace complex or a large temple. These spaces, usually containing scrolls and books or tomes, were the rooms in which scribes and priests did their work. Often classified as libraries by archaeologists due to their association with literature, rooms like these were in fact true offices as the scrolls were meant for record keeping and other management function such as treaties, and not for writing or keeping poetry or other works of fiction (Wikipedia [s.a]:1).
Pre-Industrial Revolution: 11th – 17th Centuries
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The rooms of the chancery often had walls full of pigeonholes, constructed to hold rolled up pieces of parchment for safekeeping or ready reference, a precursor to the book shelf. The introduction of printing during the Renaissance did not change these early government offices much, other than increasing the floor area to accommodate these large machines (Wikipedia [s.a]:5). As mercantilism became the dominant economic theory of the Renaissance, merchants conducted their business in the same buildings, which included retail sales, warehousing and clerical work. Thus, by the 15th century, population density in many cities reached the point where stand-alone buildings were used by merchants to conduct their
Department stores, Chain stores, and mail order's houses were how retail sales and distribution techniques of the late nineteenth century made goods and conveniences formerly enjoyed by city dwellers available to Americans in small towns and the countryside. Americans no longer had to make their own clothes but, now they had the leisure of picking and buying clothes from a department store. Due to chain stores buying in preparing food had changed. A new industry of packing and selling foods had been invented. The mass production and new development of tin can had inspired an industry of canned foods. Refrigerated railroad cars and iceboxes made it possible for perishable food items to be kept fresh. These developments brought a healthy improvement
The office has existed in one way or another throughout time as an administrative supplement to the power of the state. But for the sake of time, let's go through the landmarks of workspace history.
The timespan between the 1500s and the 1800s is commonly regarded as the “Early Modern Era” of European history. This period directly follows the Middle Ages and ends around the time of the French Revolution, which thereafter the “modern” period seemingly begins. This specific era consists of profound and significant developments in Europe’s economic history and here we can see the beginnings of capitalism. This early modern period experienced important technological advances, the Protestant Reformation and the decline of the Church, the formation of banking systems and savings, nation-state building, mercantilism and the beginnings of industrialization. The economic ideas that emerged during this period are markedly different and some times at odds with those that prevailed just right before during the Middle Ages. The early 1500’s began with a burst of economic activity, which is largely credited to the important technological advances that occurred in Europe during this time, which then led to relatively rapid economic, social and political changes throughout Europe.
JC indicated that lower height furniture system was previously discussed in the open office area. This is to open up the space for visibility.
The office area sits next to the arena perpendicular to its closest side and directly across from the stables. The office interacts with the arena by means of an overhang roof that stretches above the outdoor entry area and connects to the arena’s side. The office is also connected to the stables by overhead wooden beams. These same beams also connected the stables to the arena. They provide visual continuity while also giving each space its own identity.
Industrialization contributed to city growth in many ways. Industry not only changes a country’s way of living, it also transforms class struggles and social actions. During the 1700s-1800s industrialization grew and had four major effects on how it contributed to city growth.
Prey in the central work area to show the employees that hard work and dedication will get them the rewards that they deserve for they have done for the company, the next one, In the Oise in the Valley, could be placed in the main break room of the company, so that the employees have a place to relax and not be disturbed in order to get away from the regular environment that any workplace create, even though just for a little while from their rigorous job, and The Yellow Books could be placed where the company keeps all its information on the business to represent how the business conducts itself and what the future holds for the business and all the customers.
Public spaces in Pompeii and Herculaneum had a range of uses, varying from entertainment centres, to meeting spaces, to political buildings. These public spaces also included centres that were used in everyday life for the Romans in Pompeii and Herculaneum, such as shops, restaurants, and public baths. Whilst there is a number of different sources relating to the uses of buildings, they are limited to physical artefacts, and consequently, some public spaces' use and purpose will remain unknown or guessed by historians and archaeologists.
Microsoft task ninety-five used to be the first to use customary place of work menus.
Germany’s late eighteenth-century Industrial Revolution transformed her economies from agricultural to manufacturing. Proving problematic for the nations’ farmers, and the promise of unlimited farmland in America led to millions of Germans immigrating in the nineteenth-century. Mostly farmers, bringing superior agronomy and husbandry skills to the American Midwest, significantly influenced the region’s growing agricultural development. Later, “writing letters to family and friends in Germany”, early immigrants sharing success stories, lured prominent German entrepreneurs to the Midwest, building prosperous businesses.
During mid-18th century when Europe was facing dark ages and industrial revolution began in Britain; European nation was comparatively negligent, inattentive and irresponsible when it came to sanitation, frequently throwing feces out of the window. Only in the early-19th century when public hygiene specialist and officials researched and discussed sanitation for numerous decades did the building of an underground system of pipes to move away solid and liquid waste was only begun in the mid-19th century, slowly replacing the cesspool method, even though cesspools were still being used in some areas of Paris into the 20th century. Whereas thousands of years earlier MJD was again like been there and done
I agree, Medieval books were usually decorated and reserved for the higher-class civilians usually priest. The Lindau Gospels is a perfect example as it is a bible adorn with silver and gold. Even though this metalsmithing was esthetically pleasing, the make of the book were expensive. Also, most of the populace at the time could not read or write.
The 18th century also known as the 1700s began the first industrial revolution. Steam engines, replacing animal labor were when modern manufacturing began. The 18th century saw a vast change, replacing manual labor by inventions and machinery. The century was also part of the “The Age of Enlightenment”, and period characterized by a drift away from traditional religious authority, and a move towards science and rational thoughts. What happened in the 18th century enlightenment led to the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolution. The 18th century witnessed a spread of capitalism and the increase availability if printed materials.
In this photograph we can see the old railway station, in which the client hopes to convert into an office.
The 17th and 18th centuries were a period in Europe where the country was driven by agriculture. New ideas and technologies were invented which led to an increase in crops leading to The British Agricultural Revolution. As a direct result of the crop yields, small landowners weren’t able to profit therefore leaving their farms and migrating to smaller cities where they mostly worked in factories. This led to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Although there are many changes that took place during the 17th and 18th centuries, the increased crop yields came about in part because of new advances such as the Northfolk Crop Rotation, The Rotherham Plow, the seed drill, and enclosure which negatively affected small farmers by increasing production which meant less farmers were needed to supply the population. However, positive effects such as less competition and increased profits benefited large landowners and ultimately led to the industrial revolution.