Premenopausal Hormone

and fallopian tubes. Estrogen also stimulates the growth of the external female genitalia and breasts. Fat distribution in the female is also controlled by estrogen. The non-reproductive functions of estrogen include reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) and an increase in HDL (good cholesterol). Estrogen also preserves bone strength by slowing down cells involved in bone break down. Estrogen concentrations in the body decrease post menopause which is why women suffer from osteoporosis later in life (Parl, 2000). Estrogen utilizes a positive feedback loop by increasing the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus which then increases the release of FSH and lutenizing hormone. This increase in FSH and LH prepare the uterus

As my grandmother got older she went through many physical changes due to hormones in her body. At the age of 50 she went through menopause and this meant that there was many physical changes in her body like her periods started to become irregular and after a while would stop. The oestrogen hormone levels in women would decrease when they go through menopause. There are other symptoms which my grandmother experienced like:

Not a day goes by without us hearing about the dangers of smoking and the numerous effects that cigarettes can have on the human body. We have all see the thousands of television commercials urging people to quit smoking, including the infamous ‘Marlboro Man,” who died from cancer due to the cigarettes he once promoted for many years. Smoking is often used as a weight control strategy among female smokers. The pressures that women sometimes feel to look a certain way can be overwhelming and make women desperate to fit into society’s idea of what women “should” look like. There are many different “so called” benefits that come from smoking such as reduced anxiety, improved mood, and weight control. On the flip side, these benefits can easily be achieved through physical activity and proper stress management.

Perimenopause-It is the result of changing levels of ovarian hormones in your body. Estrogen levels decline, but they do so unevenly. Sometimes they can even be higher than when you were younger

Older adults tend to have more surgeries. Therefore, quitting smoking prior to surgery would be beneficial because smokers have a more difficult time recovering. Overall, individuals who smoke cigarettes are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop cataracts, which is the number one cause of blindness in the United States and world wide. For older women, after menopause the bones become weak. Smoking in addition to having weaker or less dense will progress and worsen the process. Therefore, it is easier to break weak and brittle bones, making an increased risk for hip fractures. For older men, intimacy may be affected by smoking (Polito, J. R., 2015).

There is a lack of collective focus regarding the recommendation of estrogen hormone therapy (ET) for postmenopausal women. For advanced practice nurses (APRN), clarification is necessary in order to inform their clients experiencing menopause of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy use. In the United States, breast cancer is the second leading cause of female death behind cardiovascular disease and its etiology is recently becoming more fully defined (Eccles, 2013). Breast cancer is exacerbated by the number of years clients use hormone therapy as well as each client’s lifestyle (Beckmann, 2014). Hormone therapy combination, dose and length of therapy as well as the client’s medical history all impact onset of malignancy, but the

f you are a woman entering menopause, then you need to learn how hormone changes during this time of life can affect not only the rest of your body, but also your teeth and gums. Knowing what to expect can help you know what changes in your mouth to keep an eye out for, so you know when to alert your dentist to these changes. Here are three of the most common changes can occur in your teeth and gums during menopause and how they can be treated.

Although, estrogen is produced by other organs in the body, estrogen output is significantly decreased in premenopausal women, and progesterone becomes nearly absent.

Estrogen is a steroid hormone which plays a crucial role in growth and maturation of both sexes. In the female reproductive system, estrogen targets tissues such as mammary glands, uterus, and ovaries. Bone formation has a significant positive relationship with estrogen from puberty to maturation and beyond (Clark et al., 1992). Post puberty estrogen is mainly synthesized and released from the ovaries in females. Through binding proteins or estrogen receptors (ER) found within the nucleus, estrogen is retained and affects specific target tissues throughout the body. Binding of estrogen to its receptor causes conformational change which in turn allows binding to chromatin and proceed with transcription of specific target genes (Murdoch

HRT is one of the most effective practices used to help women manage the discomfort they may experience during menopause. Reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone can cause hot flashes, mood swings, night sweats, vaginal dryness and sleep disturbances. An estrogen only therapy (ET) will give most women the relief they need from these issues. Women who have had a hysterectomy are usually prescribed

Menopause is a significant event in most women’s lives as it marks the end of the natural reproductive life. For most women, menopause will occur between the ages of 40 and 58 years with the average being 51 years (Zapantis & Santoro, 2003). The timing of menopause globally is relatively constant, however both the nature and severity of symptoms varies substantially between women from different ethnicities and geographical locations for reasons that are not completely understood (Roberts & Hickey, 2016). The Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop +10 (Harlow et al., 2012) classifies the transition through menopause into five stages which are discussed below.

One of these factors is smoking which many studies have been shown a possible relationship between breast cancer and active and secondhand smoking. According to One of studies examined that smoker women have higher risk for breast cancer than nonsmoker women specially at younger age. According to Gaudet et al. (2013), researchers have been found the highest rate of invasive breast cancer in women who started smoking at earlier age as compared to nonsmoker women, younger women who started smoking before their menstrual period are more vulnerable to higher risk of breast cancer than those who start smoking after their menstrual period (pp. 515-519).

After Menopause, however, the responsibility is shifted to the adrenal glands, and fatty tissue. (http://www.livestrong.com/article/23846-estrogen-produced/)

Estrogen: is a group of major sex hormones produced by the body (estrone, estradiol and estriol) for “sexual and reproductive development”[1], both men and women produce estrogen which has an effect on the reproductive cycle as well as the development of the body, estrogen is generally more prominent in the female body “the ovaries are the main location for estrogen production”[4] due to its part in certain characteristics and “influences the structural differences between the male and female bodies”[4] .i.e. Breast, wider hips and pubic hair. Estrogen also affects with the menstrual cycle “Controlling the growth of the uterine lining during the first part of the cycle”[1].

·     Menopause is the time in a woman’s life when the function of the ovaries ceases.