Prion Essay

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: It happens when a prion protein misfolds itself, thus causing a “domino effect” which unfolds itself causing a malfunction.

Proteinaceous Infectious Particles, commonly known as Prions, are extremely rare misfolds of the protein PrPc, which cause fatally neurodegenerative diseases, and are theorized to be infectious only by the protein itself (U.S National Library of Medicine, 1998). This “protein-only theory” is still heavily debated today, as some scientists deny the theory, and there isn’t a significant amount of evidence on each side to qualify the theory or disprove it (Soto, C. 2011). The base “Prion” protein is encoded in the gene PRNP, while being non-infectious. Prions are most commonly found in human prion diseases, but they can also be in other animals in the form of Mad Cow Disease and Chronic Wasting Disease, classified as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies

This paper explores the practice of the APRNs autonomy in the state of Georgia and compares it with other states. Also to advocate for policy recommendations of the APRNs scope of practice that are needed to improve the healthcare in the state of Georgia. APRNs are registered nurses that provide continuous care and treatment in many different areas, such as pediatrics, primary care, acute care, maternity, mental health and chronic disease management. APRNs also have advanced education, training, and national certification in specific areas of practice. Even with the changing and expanding of healthcare, APRNs continue to face challenges in practicing to the full extent of

Humans have to deal with many different diseases and the ones most disliked are the ones with no cures. Like cancer, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies have no cure, but they are more rare. These diseases are prion diseases which cause the brain to deteriorate. Prions are proteins that sometimes behave like viruses, which mean that they should have some form of nucleic acid, but since they don’t, they cause abnormalities. The nervous system contains many normal prions, but when an abnormal prion comes along, it transforms all the normal prions into abnormal ones. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is found in cattle, but it can be transmitted to humans.

Nelson is perched on the shores of Kootenay Lake and offers a wide-range of world class recreational activities. The stunning geography and outdoor activities, however, are only part of Nelson’s overall charm. The community still holds true to its silver mining roots as is evident with its impressive selection of over 350 restored heritage buildings and many of these unique buildings make up the bustling downtown core of the city.

In bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the disease is caused by the misfolding of proteins that cause proteins and peptides to develop a fibrillary structure. The PrPc is a correctly folded prion and the misfolded form is called PrPSc. BSE occurs when the normal PrPc come into contact with the toxic PrPSc and the normal prion takes on the shape of the PrPSc. The normal chaperones are unable to convert the PrPSc back to the normal form. The PrPSc now takes on the role of chaperone and the conversion of PrPc prions continue over and over. PrPSc, now being hydrophobic avoids the water of the inner cell and begin to accumulate and form plaques along the neuronal cell membranes. The aggregation of the prions on the cell membrane eventually lead to cell death which produces the sponge-like appearance in the brain of cattle infected with BSE (Thompson, 2014).

Daniel Solove writes in his article that the “nothing to hide” argument is a terrible argument, because privacy is important to everyone and everyone has something to hide. Solove writes that if you break the argument down to its core the argument means nothing. Solove addresses the argument for the “nothing to hide” belief by stating why some agree with the argument because the argument can be protection against acts of terror, then describing how the government knowing everything on someone can cause plenty of problems as he describes. Solove takes the explanation of privacy to a place that most people ,if not all ,can relate to just to define privacy more than the general consensus. Solove gave a few

Question ONE (to be answered as a straight-forward philosophical essay): Silenus, the satyr, is, or perhaps pretends to be, a determinist. After all, everything about the satyr, both his nature and nurture, come directly from his creator, Hench. And certainly, at the beginning of the story, Hench accepts full responsibility for the satyr’s actions. But he eventually changes his mind. How can the satyr, all of a sudden, become morally responsible for his actions? What exactly changed in Hench’s thinking? Michael Gorr is a compatibilist. Does his position make better sense than either the determinist or the libertarian? Explain.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has tested hundreds of thousands of cattle for BSE. Researchers believe that the infectious agent that causes mad cow disease is an abnormal version of a protein normally found on cell surfaces, called a prion. For reasons still unknown, this protein becomes altered and destroys nervous system tissue (brain and spinal cord). There exists strong epidemiologic and laboratory evidence for a causal association between a new human prion disease called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) that was first reported from the United Kingdom in 1996 and the BSE outbreak in cattle (http://www.cdc.gov). According to The National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, by June 2014 it had killed 177 people in the United Kingdom, and 52 elsewhere. This essay will focus on the possible causes, effects, and treatment for this

I chose to write about the short story "A&P." The story takes place in a small town in the late 60's, in a vacation town of sorts with a general store, few residents. What I received from the setting, was a very low maintenance town where "everybody knows everybody" (very tight community) most likely old school beliefs and structures (religion, dress code, ethics, morals, ext…strict) and for a short time tourists come to live for a while, and in a sense shake up the foundation of the town a bit with their outside beliefs and values.

CJD is a serious neurodegenerative disorder, a rare form of rapidly progressive dementia, with a 100% fatality within one to two years of onset. CJD belongs to a family of human and animal diseases known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). It is believed to be caused by an abnormal isoform of a cellular glycoprotein known as the prion protein that becomes toxic in an abnormal form (CDC) although Dr. Campellone suggest other proteins may play a role in this disease as well. Although, it is so rare that only between one to every one million people worldwide are diagnosed.

Now prions work in an odd way, prions replicate in conformation and are a form of peptide bond (The Dangers of Cannibalism: Ellington, Andy). Then, a

Many have postulated that cellular mechanisms and processing of PrPSc impact the development and severity of FFI and SFI. Studies have shown that the stability and therefore function of the protein is impaired during cellular processing. Analysis of PrP processing in cells transfected with FFI showed decreased stability and impaired transport of the unglycosylated form of the mutant PrP to the cell surface [15]. Additionally, other properties inherent to the normal protein form are altered. For example, 50% of prion protein mutations involve a change in charge, though the state of charge does not indicate disease phenotype [7]. Studies have shown that copper and zinc binding to the prion protein influences its conformational state [22]. Baseline brain metal ion levels are altered in patients with prion disease, data which may point to the pathophysiology of PrP, as it has been shown that copper inhibits PrP impact on NMDA receptors

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurodegenerative diseases that are thought to be caused by the misfolding of prion proteins. Prions are able to replicate in the absence of nucleic acids. TSEs include: scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, and Fatal Familial Insomnia. They can affect many different animals, including humans. Currently, there are no ways to diagnose, treat, or cure TSEs, as much more research is needed before these diseases are completely understood.

to the amino acid, and it is half the size of hemoglobin. PrP is the protein,