Proactive Motivations for International Expansion Firms may choose to expand internationally though reactive or proactive approaches (Deresky, 2011). Proactive strategies are a more aggressive or assertive approach compared to reactive strategies, and are seen where an organization perceive an opportunity which my improve performance. There are four main proactive motivations; the gaining of economies of scale, growth opportunities, resource access and cost savings and finally incentives (Deresky, 2011). Each of these motivations reflects the way that an international expansion strategy may provide the firm with benefits and/or advantages (Mintzberg et al., 2008). Economies of scale are realized when a firm has a relativity high level of production. In any industry there will be costs, as the level of production increases the overhead costs may stay the same, which reduces the actual cost of producing each unit, and may increase profit (Nellis and Parker, 2006). This is an motivation seen with many pharmaceutical firms (Deresky, 2011) Economies of scale may also be obtained in terms of the firm buying power; an organization which is buying large amounts from a supplier may have a greater level of bargaining power to demand contractual benefits compared to a small buyer (Mintzberg et al., 2008). This is an issue seen with many of the large international supermarkets, who leverage their buying power (Mintzberg et al., 2008) Growth opportunities are seen where a firm
Other scale economies can be Multi-Product ES (“Economies of Scope”); indeed, different types of cereals can be produced in a very similar way, not requiring different production facilities, but leveraging the existing ones. The same can also be applied to packaging/bagging, which is the main source of Economies of Scale, because the Big Three use the same
Economies of scale: Large companies can produce products at a much lower cost than small ones because the cost per unit drops as the volume of output rises
The impact of economies and diseconomies of scale Tesco face As businesses grow and their output increases, they commonly benefit from a reduction in average costs of production. Total costs will increase with increases in output, but the cost of producing each unit falls as output increases. This reduction in average costs is what gives larger firms a competitive advantage over smaller firms. This fall in average costs as output increases is known as Economies of Scale.
16. Which of the following can induce a firm to expand into the international arena?
1. High pressure for local adaptation combined with low pressure for lower costs would suggest what type of international strategy: A. global B. multidomestic C. transnational D. overall cost leadership 2. Foreign direct investment includes the following form of entry strategy: A. licensing B. franchising C. joint ventures D. exporting 3. According to Michael Porter, firms that have experienced intense domestic competition are A. unlikely to have the time or resources to compete abroad. B. most likely to design strategies aimed primarily at the domestic market. C. more likely to design strategies and structures that allow them to successfully compete abroad. D. more likely to demand protection from their governments.
In addition, the internationalisation is the strategy to occupy the foreign market step by step. Also, the porter’s competitive advantages theory is to analysis the strategies of global business. They could divide to three strategies: over cost leading, diversity, and market focus strategy (Passemard& Calantone, 2000). The cost leading strategy focus on establish efficient scale production facility and minimize the research and advertising cost. The diversity strategy focus on introduce some unique product in whole industry. But, this strategy will with a high cost price. The focus strategy is attack of a particular customer group or specialist regional market, its purpose to design the service for a particular target. Consequently, the companies need to consider the internal and external factor condition, such as: factor condition, demand condition, related and supporting industries condition, and firm strategy and rivalry. They are called diamond system. This dynamic system gives the company a standard to measure theirs advantage and disadvantage before they enter foreign market. Moreover, the specific advantage in Internationalisation of Production is give companies a new choose for exhausted market (Strange,S. 1992). In an international environment, the companies will face more uncertain and unequal condition than home market, therefore the companies need keep the attention of more factors:
Economies of scale give Woolworths and Coles an advantage over smaller retailers because, as a result of their large scale production, they are able to produce at a lower average cost, allowing them to sell goods to consumers at a lower price. This competitive pricing eventually forces smaller firms out of the market, as they are unable to match the predatory pricing, due to a lack of economies of scale.
Expansion is a risky step for any business to take. International expansion has potential to be devastating to a company; or, it can lead to success on an even grander scale. By placing Target in Mexico, specifically Mexico City to begin with, opportunities are created for both the company and the country to grow. This expansion makes sense for several key reasons. One reason is that Target has yet to expand out of the United States. After a failed attempt at moving into Canada, the company has not tried international expansion since. Wal-Mex is the only retail store in Mexico that offers similar products for similar prices, which leaves space for a store like Target. Wal-Mart and Target have also been known to do well in the same areas. Target
As discussed in Chapter 21 of our text book, any company that is looking to expand globally must make five key decisions. A firm must decide if: a) they really want to expand to the international market; b) they
There are always business risk when it comes to expanding a company, especially from an international standpoint. There are many strategic risk that needs to be evaluated in order to expand the company successfully. Examining the possible risk of foreign currency exposure, basic functions of international banking/financial market, support of long term financing of operations, and assessment of opportunities that can be implemented within the company. There are risk on three dimensions of international finance, economic trends of the country, impact of globalization and monetary system. All of these situations will be discussed in this paper.
“Economies of scale are unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output” as it is able to spread over the fixed costs over a large volume of quantity (Wickramasekera, Cronk & Hill 2013 p90). “First-mover advantages are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry and the ability to capture scale economies ahead of later
Business Strategy approach: - this is based on the idea of Pragmatism (Welford and Prescott, 1994) with the company making trade-offs between a number of unstable decision to internationalize and the way it adopts to do so Reid (1983) argues that foreign expansion is contingency based and
Subject : Appraisal of a MNE's recent market entry (2007-2010) ( 1. Firm Motivations for internationalization 2. Entry Strategy 3. Corporate Strategy)
Well known companies like Nike, Microsoft, Sony, Shell Group are just some of the big companies that went global and expanded their trading around the world, they are large businesses that operate internationally in many countries. Development of worldwide integration urges companies to reach out international markets and interact with foreign customers. Businesses focus on fulfilling the demand of the market by its products or services, besides their target is increasing profit, in order achieve these goals they favor to expand their work in a foreign market. Other reasons to internationalize their business may be to become
Increasing returns are the natural outcome of decreasing output costs and have external and internal factors which influence economies of scale (Ossa, n.d.). Economies of scale are influenced externally by industry size, rather than firm size and include